{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T08:30:55Z","timestamp":1793953855408,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001447","name":"Rita Allen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:52:01Z","timestamp":1760061121000},"page":"102677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Layers of defense: protection from respiratory viruses by epithelial-intrinsic immunity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9767-9942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen F","family":"Foxman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.13e39.x","article-title":"Regulation of mucociliary clearance in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Houtmeyers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199906000-00001","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides as mediators of epithelial host defense","volume":"45","author":"Huttner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2024.105823","article-title":"Unmasking the potential of secretory IgA and its pivotal role in protection from respiratory viruses","volume":"223","author":"Sinha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1989.054.01.003","article-title":"Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology","volume":"54","author":"Janeway","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-092611-150203","article-title":"A virological view of innate immune recognition","volume":"66","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0288-3","article-title":"RIG-I-like receptors: their regulation and roles in RNA sensing","volume":"20","author":"Rehwinkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01956-12","article-title":"Toll-like receptor expression and induction of type I and type III interferons in primary airway epithelial cells","volume":"87","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20161759","article-title":"Recurrent rhinovirus infections in a child with inherited MDA5 deficiency","volume":"214","author":"Lamborn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8342","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1704259114","article-title":"Severe viral respiratory infections in children with IFIH1 loss-of-function mutations","volume":"114","author":"Asgari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180139","article-title":"The cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway connects DNA damage to inflammation, senescence, and cancer","volume":"215","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.02.019","article-title":"New frontiers in the cGAS-STING intracellular DNA-sensing pathway","volume":"57","author":"Dvorkin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112179","article-title":"Leaked genomic and mitochondrial DNA contribute to the host response to noroviruses in a STING-dependent manner","volume":"42","author":"Jahun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009841","article-title":"Downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis by virus infection triggers antiviral responses by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase","volume":"17","author":"Sato","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_sbref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011132","article-title":"Innate sensing of picornavirus infection involves cGAS-STING-mediated antiviral responses triggered by mitochondrial DNA release","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.07.011","article-title":"Type-III interferon, not type-I, is the predominant interferon induced by respiratory viruses in nasal epithelial cells","volume":"160","author":"Okabayashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20210583","article-title":"Dynamic innate immune response determines susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and early replication kinetics","volume":"218","author":"Cheemarla","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib17","first-page":"63","article-title":"[Production of alpha-, beta-, and lambda-interferons by epithelial and mononuclear cells during acute respiratory viral infection]","author":"Khaitov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/ni873","article-title":"IL-28, IL-29 and their class II cytokine receptor IL-28R","volume":"4","author":"Sheppard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/ni875","article-title":"IFN-lambdas mediate antiviral protection through a distinct class II cytokine receptor complex","volume":"4","author":"Kotenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2013.232","article-title":"Interferon lambda 4 signals via the IFNlambda receptor to regulate antiviral activity against HCV and coronaviruses","volume":"32","author":"Hamming","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4468","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-3653","article-title":"Characterization of the mouse IFN-lambda ligand-receptor system: IFN-lambdas exhibit antitumor activity against B16 melanoma","volume":"66","author":"Lasfar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3787","article-title":"Type I interferons in infectious disease","volume":"15","author":"McNab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.02.003","article-title":"The unique regulation and functions of type III interferons in antiviral immunity","volume":"12","author":"Odendall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5670","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00272-10","article-title":"Lambda interferon renders epithelial cells of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts resistant to viral infections","volume":"84","author":"Mordstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000017","article-title":"IFN-lambda (IFN-lambda) is expressed in a tissue-dependent fashion and primarily acts on epithelial cells in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Sommereyns","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7944","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100552108","article-title":"IFN-lambda determines the intestinal epithelial antiviral host defense","volume":"108","author":"Pott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.04.025","article-title":"Interferon-lambda mediates non-redundant front-line antiviral protection against influenza virus infection without compromising host fitness","volume":"46","author":"Galani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20140995","article-title":"IFN-lambda resolves inflammation via suppression of neutrophil infiltration and IL-1beta production","volume":"212","author":"Blazek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3821","article-title":"IFN-lambda suppresses intestinal inflammation by non-translational regulation of neutrophil function","volume":"18","author":"Broggi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190295","article-title":"Type III interferons: balancing tissue tolerance and resistance to pathogen invasion","volume":"217","author":"Broggi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.117","article-title":"Early local immune defences in the respiratory tract","volume":"17","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-092818-015756","article-title":"Interferon-stimulated genes: what do they all do?","volume":"6","author":"Schoggins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-031413-085537","article-title":"IFITM-family proteins: the cell's first line of antiviral defense","volume":"1","author":"Bailey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03347-24","article-title":"IFITM3 variants point to a critical role in emergent virus infections","volume":"16","author":"Denz","year":"2025","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix648","article-title":"Antiviral response in the nasopharynx identifies patients with respiratory virus infection","volume":"217","author":"Landry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12640","article-title":"Cell intrinsic immunity spreads to bystander cells via the intercellular transfer of cGAMP","volume":"503","author":"Ablasser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3719","article-title":"OAS proteins and cGAS: unifying concepts in sensing and responding to cytosolic nucleic acids","volume":"14","author":"Hornung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_sbref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.01.016","article-title":"OAS cross-activates RNase L intercellularly through cell-to-cell transfer of 2-5A to spread innate immunity","volume":"58","author":"Huai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-020-0028-4","article-title":"Extracellular cGAMP is a cancer cell-produced immunotransmitter involved in radiation-induced anti-cancer immunity","volume":"1","author":"Carozza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.08.006","article-title":"ABCC1 transporter exports the immunostimulatory cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP","volume":"55","author":"Maltbaek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_sbref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay2002","article-title":"Enteroviral 3C protease activates the human NLRP1 inflammasome in airway epithelia","volume":"370","author":"Robinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_sbref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60609","article-title":"Diverse viral proteases activate the NLRP1 inflammasome","volume":"10","author":"Tsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2008.06.001","article-title":"NOD-like receptors (NLRs): bona fide intracellular microbial sensors","volume":"20","author":"Shaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01526-w","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of gasdermin D pore-forming activity","volume":"24","author":"Devant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05684-3","article-title":"NLRP1- A CINDERELLA STORY: a perspective of recent advances in NLRP1 and the questions they raise","volume":"6","author":"Barry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003057","article-title":"Viral and bacterial interactions in the upper respiratory tract","volume":"9","author":"Bosch","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ486","article-title":"Community surveillance of respiratory viruses among families in the Utah Better Identification of Germs-Longitudinal Viral Epidemiology (BIG-LoVE) study","volume":"61","author":"Byington","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib48","article-title":"Prior upregulation of interferon pathways in the nasopharynx impacts viral shedding following live attenuated influenza vaccine challenge in children","volume":"2","author":"Costa-Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix458","article-title":"Detection of host response to viral respiratory infection by measurement of messenger RNA for MxA, TRIM21, and Viperin in Nasal Swabs","volume":"216","author":"Yahya","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20230911","article-title":"High burden of viruses and bacterial pathobionts drives heightened nasal innate immunity in children","volume":"221","author":"Watkins","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib51","first-page":"178","article-title":"Innate immune evasion strategies of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"21","author":"Minkoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_sbref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2402540121","article-title":"Interferon signaling in the nasal epithelium distinguishes among lethal and common cold coronaviruses and mediates viral clearance","volume":"121","author":"Otter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-01037-9","article-title":"Pre-activated antiviral innate immunity in the upper airways controls early SARS-CoV-2 infection in children","volume":"40","author":"Loske","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.148694","article-title":"Natural mucosal barriers and COVID-19 in children","volume":"6","author":"Pierce","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04345-x","article-title":"Local and systemic responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults","volume":"602","author":"Yoshida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_sbref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adp7951","article-title":"The inflammatory microenvironment of the lung at the time of infection governs innate control of SARS-CoV-2 replication","volume":"9","author":"Baker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab147","article-title":"Human rhinovirus infection blocks severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 replication within the respiratory epithelium: implications for COVID-19 epidemiology","volume":"224","author":"Dee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac494","article-title":"Influenza A and respiratory syncytial virus trigger a cellular response that blocks severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 infection in the respiratory tract","volume":"227","author":"Dee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.2021806","article-title":"Sequential infections with rhinovirus and influenza modulate the replicative capacity of SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract","volume":"11","author":"Essaidi-Laziosi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020395","article-title":"Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus but not respiratory syncytial virus interferes with SARS-CoV-2 replication during sequential infections in human nasal epithelial cells","volume":"14","author":"Fage","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00765-22","article-title":"The host response to influenza A virus interferes with SARS-CoV-2 replication during coinfection","volume":"96","author":"Oishi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_sbref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30114-2","article-title":"Interference between rhinovirus and influenza A virus: a clinical data analysis and experimental infection study","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1287641","article-title":"Viral interference and the live-attenuated intranasal influenza vaccine: Results from a pediatric cohort with cystic fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Boikos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.09.021","article-title":"Virus interference. Did rhinoviruses activity hamper the progress of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in Norway?","volume":"77","author":"Anestad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03167.x","article-title":"Rhinoviruses delayed the circulation of the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus in France","volume":"16","author":"Casalegno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.40.19354-en","article-title":"Does viral interference affect spread of influenza?","volume":"14","author":"Linde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00881-18","article-title":"Attenuation of influenza A virus disease severity by viral coinfection in a mouse model","volume":"92","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_sbref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02161-3","article-title":"A single-cell spatial chart of the airway wall reveals proinflammatory cellular ecosystems and their interactions in health and asthma","volume":"26","author":"Joulia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib69","article-title":"The respiratory microbiome is linked to the severity of RSV infections and the persistence of symptoms in children","volume":"5","author":"Kristensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.12.032","article-title":"Early-life nasal microbiota dynamics relate to longitudinal respiratory phenotypes in urban children","volume":"153","author":"McCauley","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1957.0048","article-title":"Virus interference. I. The interferon","volume":"147","author":"Isaacs","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01453-y","article-title":"Human organoid models to study SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI170500","article-title":"Recent advances in lung organoid development and applications in disease modeling","volume":"133","author":"Vazquez-Armendariz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952791525001530?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952791525001530?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T08:41:28Z","timestamp":1775032888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0952791525001530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["S0952791525001530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-7915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-7915","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Layers of defense: protection from respiratory viruses by epithelial-intrinsic immunity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102677","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102677"}}