{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:59:48Z","timestamp":1780639188535,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014247","name":"Immune Tolerance Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1-AI-109565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1-AI-109565"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01DK136815-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01DK136815-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01DK107541-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01DK107541-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T14:08:21Z","timestamp":1762870101000},"page":"102684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Can we cure autoimmunity?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Nicolle","family":"Sweeney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yemil","family":"Atisha-Fregoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Pozovskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Higdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Diamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9569-3932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William M","family":"Ridgway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27233","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: the randomized, double-blind, phase II\/III systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial","volume":"62","author":"Merrill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34359","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active proliferative lupus nephritis: the lupus nephritis assessment with rituximab study","volume":"64","author":"Rovin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061283","article-title":"Killing mechanisms of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells","volume":"20","author":"Benmebarek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_sbref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02017-5","article-title":"Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"28","author":"Mackensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_sbref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2308917","article-title":"CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune disease \u2014 a case series with follow-up","volume":"390","author":"Muller","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112682","article-title":"Understanding heterogeneity of human bone marrow plasma cell maturation and survival pathways by single-cell analyses","volume":"42","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_sbref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2024-226142","article-title":"CD19-CAR T-cell therapy induces deep tissue depletion of B cells","volume":"84","author":"Tur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-0756","article-title":"A critical role for fas-mediated off-target tumor killing in T-cell immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2308917","article-title":"CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune disease. Reply","volume":"390","author":"Muller","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01126-1","article-title":"CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune diseases","volume":"402","author":"Schett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2024-eular.1519","article-title":"POS0340\u2005effects of CAR-T cell treatment on B cell immunity in systemic autoimmune diseases","volume":"83","author":"Bucci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22810","article-title":"Delayed memory B cell recovery in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue in systemic lupus erythematosus after B cell depletion therapy","volume":"56","author":"Anolik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01139-z","article-title":"Advancements and challenges in CAR T cell therapy in autoimmune diseases","volume":"20","author":"Schett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1303935","article-title":"Lymphodepletion \u2014 an essential but undervalued part of the chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy cycle","volume":"14","author":"Lickefett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42784","article-title":"CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cell treatment: unraveling the role of B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"76","author":"Taubmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023011492","article-title":"Bendamustine lymphodepletion before axicabtagene ciloleucel is safe and associates with reduced inflammatory cytokines","volume":"8","author":"Ghilardi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-06-793141","article-title":"Kinetics and biomarkers of severe cytokine release syndrome after CD19 chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell therapy","volume":"130","author":"Hay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01035-3","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for autoimmune disease","volume":"24","author":"Chung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00375-7","article-title":"Anti-CD19 CAR T cells for refractory myasthenia gravis","volume":"22","author":"Haghikia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-223952","article-title":"Treatment of a patient with severe systemic sclerosis (SSc) using CD19-targeted CAR T cells","volume":"82","author":"Bergmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2025028375","article-title":"Comparison of the safety profiles of CD19-targeting CAR T-cell therapy in patients with SLE and B-cell lymphoma","volume":"146","author":"Muller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-024-05772-5","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy in patients with autoimmune diseases: a systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Kattamuri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_sbref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-694356","article-title":"Persistence of long-lived plasma cells and humoral immunity in individuals responding to CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapy","volume":"128","author":"Bhoj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_sbref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03084-6","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of nonrelapse mortality after CAR T cell therapy","volume":"30","author":"Cordas Dos Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2023.08.023","article-title":"Cytokine and reactivity profiles in SLE patients following anti-CD19 CART therapy","volume":"31","author":"Nunez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4226","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084226","article-title":"Precise targeting of autoantigen-specific B cells in lupus nephritis with chimeric autoantibody receptor T cells","volume":"25","author":"Sole","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-007-0092-1","article-title":"B cells in glomerulonephritis: focus on lupus nephritis","volume":"29","author":"Clatworthy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.90111","article-title":"Btk-specific inhibition blocks pathogenic plasma cell signatures and myeloid cell-associated damage in IFNalpha-driven lupus nephritis","volume":"2","author":"Katewa","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02911-y","article-title":"CD1d-dependent immune suppression mediated by regulatory B cells through modulations of iNKT cells","volume":"9","author":"Oleinika","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2020.07.015","article-title":"Kidney tertiary lymphoid structures in lupus nephritis develop into large interconnected networks and resemble lymph nodes in gene signature","volume":"190","author":"Dorraji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001983","article-title":"In situ B cell-mediated immune responses and tubulointerstitial inflammation in human lupus nephritis","volume":"186","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012010040","article-title":"IL-17A production by renal gammadelta T cells promotes kidney injury in crescentic GN","volume":"23","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14292","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009234107","article-title":"Proinflammatory T helper type 17 cells are effective B-cell helpers","volume":"107","author":"Mitsdoerffer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.58","article-title":"Follicular helper T cells in immunity and systemic autoimmunity","volume":"8","author":"Craft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7020","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.18.7020","article-title":"Pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibody-inducing T helper cell lines from patients with active lupus nephritis: isolation of CD4-8- T helper cell lines that express the gamma delta T-cell antigen receptor","volume":"87","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2016.04.010","article-title":"T cells and IL-17 in lupus nephritis","volume":"185","author":"Koga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.34","article-title":"T cells and autoimmune kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Suarez-Fueyo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11269","article-title":"Renal mononuclear phagocytes in lupus nephritis","volume":"3","author":"Davidson","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20241873","article-title":"A human-mouse atlas of intrarenal myeloid cells identifies conserved disease-associated macrophages in lupus nephritis","volume":"222","author":"Hoover","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_sbref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2024-225727","article-title":"B-cell depletion in autoimmune diseases","volume":"83","author":"Schett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20441","article-title":"Predicting outcomes of lupus nephritis with tubulointerstitial inflammation and scarring","volume":"63","author":"Hsieh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib42","first-page":"146","article-title":"Allogeneic, donor-derived, second-generation, CD19-directed CAR-T cells for the treatment of pediatric relapsed\/refractory BCP-ALL","volume":"142","author":"Del Bufalo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-018-0677-2","article-title":"Universal CARs, universal T cells, and universal CAR T cells","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2024.152479","article-title":"Advancing autoimmune Rheumatic disease treatment: CAR-T Cell therapies \u2014 evidence, safety, and future directions","volume":"67","author":"Ohno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1034707","article-title":"Next generations of CAR-T cells \u2014 new therapeutic opportunities in hematology?","volume":"13","author":"Tomasik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21405","article-title":"Targeting a CAR to the TRAC locus with CRISPR\/Cas9 enhances tumour rejection","volume":"543","author":"Eyquem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01799-7","article-title":"Homology-independent targeted insertion (HITI) enables guided CAR knock-in and efficient clinical scale CAR-T cell manufacturing","volume":"22","author":"Balke-Want","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00194-1","article-title":"Safety and clinical activity of autologous RNA chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in myasthenia gravis (MG-001): a prospective, multicentre, open-label, non-randomised phase 1b\/2a study","volume":"22","author":"Granit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122682","article-title":"Recent advances in lipid nanoparticles for delivery of mRNA","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01559-z","article-title":"Engineering the next-generation of CAR T-cells with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing","volume":"21","author":"Dimitri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.809754","article-title":"In-vivo induced CAR-T cell for the potential breakthrough to overcome the barriers of current CAR-T cell therapy","volume":"12","author":"Xin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2407150","article-title":"Teclistamab-induced remission in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"391","author":"Alexander","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-007398","article-title":"CLN-978, a novel half-life extended CD19\/CD3\/HSA-specific T cell-engaging antibody construct with potent activity against B-cell malignancies with low CD19 expression","volume":"11","author":"Meetze","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01175-9","article-title":"BiTE therapy for rheumatic diseases","volume":"20","author":"Onuora","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28459","article-title":"A pilot study of operational tolerance with a regulatory T-cell-based cell therapy in living donor liver transplantation","volume":"64","author":"Todo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.03.030","article-title":"Study design: human leukocyte antigen class I molecule A( *)02-chimeric antigen receptor regulatory T cells in renal transplantation","volume":"7","author":"Schreeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46448-9","article-title":"Regulatory T cells expressing CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor restore homeostasis in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"15","author":"Doglio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03107-5","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of type 1 diabetes in adolescents and young adults","volume":"97","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59040668","article-title":"Changes in the global epidemiology of type 1 diabetes in an evolving landscape of environmental factors: causes, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"59","author":"Ogrotis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1419","article-title":"Staging presymptomatic type 1 diabetes: a scientific statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association","volume":"38","author":"Insel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408214","article-title":"Glycemic control and excess mortality in type 1 diabetes","volume":"371","author":"Lind","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"suppl_2","key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.suppl_2.S97","article-title":"Mechanisms of pancreatic \u03b2-cell death in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: many differences, few similarities","volume":"54","author":"Cnop","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00443-4","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus as a disease of the \u03b2-cell (do not blame the immune system?)","volume":"17","author":"Roep","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_sbref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0880","article-title":"Introducing the endotype concept to address the challenge of disease heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes","volume":"43","author":"Battaglia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.14.104","article-title":"Impact of disease heterogeneity on treatment efficacy of immunotherapy in type 1 diabetes: different shades of gray","volume":"7","author":"Woittiez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.14.96","article-title":"Targeting innate immunity for treatment of type 1 diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Bednar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S117264","article-title":"Targeting innate immunity to downmodulate adaptive immunity and reverse type 1 diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Itoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3614","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1868","article-title":"Reversal of new-onset type 1 diabetes with an agonistic TLR4\/MD-2 monoclonal antibody","volume":"64","author":"Bednar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0426","article-title":"Endosomal sequestration of TLR4 antibody induces myeloid-derived suppressor cells and reverses acute type 1 diabetes","volume":"71","author":"Locker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2025.2515415","article-title":"Higher order receptor clustering due to the IgG3 subclass is necessary for TLR4 signaling and tolerance induction by novel human anti-TLR4 antibodies","volume":"17","author":"Heuer","year":"2025","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_sbref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn2136","article-title":"Monocytes in type 1 diabetes families exhibit high cytolytic activity and subset abundances that correlate with clinical progression","volume":"10","author":"Pant","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-0407.2009.00048.x","article-title":"Islet cell transplantation for type 1 diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3766","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0345","article-title":"Teplizumab (anti-CD3 mAb) treatment preserves C-peptide responses in patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"Herold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_sbref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1902226","article-title":"An anti-CD3 antibody, teplizumab, in relatives at risk for type 1 diabetes","volume":"381","author":"Herold","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.142680","article-title":"Exhausted-like CD8+ T cell phenotypes linked to C-peptide preservation in alefacept-treated T1D subjects","volume":"6","author":"Diggins","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkae014","article-title":"Early expansion of TIGIT+PD1+ effector memory CD4 T cells via agonistic effect of alefacept in new-onset type 1 diabetes","volume":"214","author":"Higdon","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_sbref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aai7793","article-title":"Partial exhaustion of CD8 T cells and clinical response to teplizumab in new-onset type 1 diabetes","volume":"1","author":"Long","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13424","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor diabetes mellitus: a novel form of autoimmune diabetes","volume":"200","author":"Quandt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib79","unstructured":"Krischer J: TrialNet pathway to prevention (formerly Natural History Study) (TN01) (Version 6) [Dataset]. NIDDK Central Repository; 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.148221","article-title":"Genetics of type 1 diabetes","volume":"57","author":"Steck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_sbref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05953-0","article-title":"Children diagnosed with presymptomatic type 1 diabetes through public health screening have milder diabetes at clinical manifestation","volume":"66","author":"Hummel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2023.07.001","article-title":"Development of a bicistronic anti-CD19\/CD20 CAR construct including abrogation of unexpected nucleic acid sequence deletions","volume":"30","author":"Lam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncolytics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0813-7","article-title":"Multi-antigen-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cells for cancer therapy","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib84","first-page":"95","article-title":"Armored CAR T-cells: the next chapter in T-cell cancer immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Hawkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biologics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf6756","article-title":"Reengineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for targeted therapy of autoimmune disease","volume":"353","author":"Ellebrecht","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.603237","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor based therapy as a potential approach in autoimmune diseases: how close are we to the treatment?","volume":"11","author":"Sadeqi Nezhad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.03.038","article-title":"Universal chimeric antigen receptors for multiplexed and logical control of T cell responses","volume":"173","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0442-x","article-title":"Functional reprogramming of regulatory T cells in the absence of Foxp3","volume":"20","author":"Charbonnier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2013.11.004","article-title":"Use of gene-modified regulatory T-cells to control autoimmune and alloimmune pathology: is now the right time?","volume":"150","author":"Jethwa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxae031","article-title":"Disrupting B and T-cell collaboration in autoimmune disease: T-cell engagers versus CAR T-cell therapy?","volume":"217","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1470595","article-title":"T-cell engagers: model interrogation as a tool to quantify the interplay of relative affinity and target expression on trimer formation","volume":"15","author":"Lai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4785","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0455","article-title":"CD20-TCB with obinutuzumab pretreatment as next-generation treatment of hematologic malignancies","volume":"24","author":"Bacac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00403182","article-title":"Follow-up of cyclosporin A treatment in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: lack of long-term effects","volume":"34","author":"Martin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0604","article-title":"Costimulation modulation with abatacept in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: follow-up 1 year after cessation of treatment","volume":"37","author":"Orban","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107096","article-title":"GAD65 antigen therapy in recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"366","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0626","article-title":"B-lymphocyte depletion with rituximab and \u03b2-cell function: two-year results","volume":"37","author":"Pescovitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60023-9","article-title":"Interleukin-1 antagonism in type 1 diabetes of recent onset: two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"381","author":"Moran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.10.1703","article-title":"Effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination on new-onset type 1 diabetes. A randomized clinical study","volume":"22","author":"Allen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14770","article-title":"Ladarixin, an inhibitor of the interleukin-8 receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, in new-onset type 1 diabetes: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Piemonti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0057","article-title":"Low-dose anti-thymocyte globulin preserves C-peptide, reduces HbA(1c), and increases regulatory to conventional T-cell ratios in new-onset type 1 diabetes: two-year clinical trial data","volume":"68","author":"Haller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1212641","article-title":"Tolerogenic dendritic cells in type 1 diabetes: no longer a concept","volume":"14","author":"Giannoukakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00139-X","article-title":"Imatinib therapy for patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"9","author":"Gitelman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03115-2","article-title":"Ustekinumab for type 1 diabetes in adolescents: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized phase 2 trial","volume":"30","author":"Tatovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0908","article-title":"Two-year follow-up from the T1GER study: continued off-therapy metabolic improvements in children and young adults with new-onset T1D treated with golimumab and characterization of responders","volume":"46","author":"Rigby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70111-6","article-title":"Targeting of memory T cells with alefacept in new-onset type 1 diabetes (T1DAL study): 12 month results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial","volume":"1","author":"Rigby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952791525001608?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952791525001608?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:02:18Z","timestamp":1780635738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0952791525001608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["S0952791525001608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-7915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-7915","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Can we cure autoimmunity?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102684","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102684"}}