{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:44:20Z","timestamp":1793148260873,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,23]],"date-time":"2027-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1800662400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":297,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003793","name":"Hj\u00e4rt-Lungfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-00826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-00826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011684","name":"Crohn's & Colitis Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018870","name":"Swedish Heart and Lung Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202400059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202400059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018870","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T22:39:59Z","timestamp":1769207999000},"page":"102723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Patterns and trends in sarcoidosis: an epidemiological perspective"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4692-1345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ogugua N","family":"Obi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth V","family":"Arkema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvette C","family":"Cozier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2101555","article-title":"Challenges of sarcoidosis and its management","volume":"385","author":"Drent","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.10.2104046","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis","volume":"164","author":"Baughman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106564","article-title":"The impact of demographic disparities in the presentation of sarcoidosis: a multicenter prospective study","volume":"187","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201508-568BC","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcoidosis in a prospective cohort study of U.S. women","volume":"13","author":"Dumas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-0413","article-title":"Sarcoidosis in black women in the United States: data from the Black Women's Health Study","volume":"139","author":"Cozier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2023.06.004","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcoidosis","volume":"45","author":"Cozier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201511-760OC","article-title":"Sarcoidosis in America. Analysis based on health care use","volume":"13","author":"Baughman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009096","article-title":"Racial differences in sarcoidosis incidence: a 5-year study in a health maintenance organization","volume":"145","author":"Rybicki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00477-2016","article-title":"Sarcoidosis incidence and prevalence: a nationwide register-based assessment in Sweden","volume":"48","author":"Arkema","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106548","article-title":"Sarcoidosis: a nationwide registry-based study of incidence, prevalence and diagnostic work-up","volume":"187","author":"Sikjaer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106688","article-title":"Differences in disease presentation between men and women with sarcoidosis: a cohort study","volume":"191","author":"Lundkvist","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2020.1821493","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of sarcoidosis patients in Belgium","volume":"77","author":"De Ridder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Clin Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref13","article-title":"Global burden of pulmonary sarcoidosis from 1990 to 2021: a comprehensive analysis based on the GBD 2021 study","volume":"12","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref14","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of interstitial lung diseases and pulmonary sarcoidosis from 2000 to 2021: a systematic analysis of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688107400212","article-title":"The eponymy of sarcoidosis","volume":"74","author":"Scadding","year":"1981","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2025.108049","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and mortality associated with sarcoidosis over three decades in the HUNT Study in Norway","volume":"241","author":"Lunde","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib17","first-page":"61","article-title":"The frequency of sarcoidosis in Finland and Hokkaido, Japan. A comparative epidemiological study","volume":"12","author":"Pietinalho","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2007.01074.x","article-title":"Sarcoidosis in Singapore: epidemiology, clinical presentation and ethnic differences","volume":"12","author":"Anantham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00075307","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Japan","volume":"31","author":"Morimoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib20","first-page":"24","article-title":"The incidence, comorbidity and mortality of sarcoidosis in Korea, 2008-2015: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"37","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffus Lung Dis J WASOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271665","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and national burden of interstitial lung diseases in India: Estimates from two studies of 3089 subjects","volume":"17","author":"Dhooria","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02419-2016","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of interstitial lung diseases in a multi-ethnic county of Greater Paris","volume":"50","author":"Duchemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref23","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and mortality of sarcoidosis in England: a population-based study","volume":"53","author":"Bechman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2007.01365.x","article-title":"Sarcoidosis in Australia","volume":"37","author":"Gillman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00444-2019","article-title":"Epidemiology and health outcomes of sarcoidosis in a universal healthcare population: a cohort study","volume":"54","author":"Fidler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202206-515OC","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcoidosis in U.S. Veterans from 2003 to 2019","volume":"20","author":"Seedahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref27","article-title":"Current epidemiological and clinical features of sarcoidosis in Japan: a nationwide claims data study","volume":"17","author":"Miyashita","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib28","first-page":"605","article-title":"Epidemiological survey on sarcoidosis in Japan","volume":"22","author":"Arai","year":"1968","journal-title":"Iryo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-025-03813-8","article-title":"Assessing the global burden of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis using multiple statistical models: analysis and future projections","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-216732","article-title":"Global and regional burden of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019","volume":"77","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib31","article-title":"Sarcoidosis in Johannesburg, South Africa: a retrospective study","volume":"28","author":"Morar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr J Thorac Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000994","article-title":"Diversity and disparity in the treatment and care of sarcoidosis","volume":"29","author":"Obi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib33","first-page":"119","article-title":"The clinical course of sarcoidosis: presentation, diagnosis, and treatment in a large white and black cohort in the United States. Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases","volume":"29","author":"Judson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J WASOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2023.06.006","article-title":"Predictors of mortality in sarcoidosis","volume":"45","author":"Kirkil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201010-1679OC","article-title":"Sarcoidosis-related mortality in the United States from 1988 to 2007","volume":"183","author":"Swigris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.11.010","article-title":"Sarcoidosis deaths in the United States: 1999-2016","volume":"149","author":"Kearney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2014.12.012","article-title":"Age-related and historical changes in the clinical characteristics of sarcoidosis in Japan","volume":"109","author":"Sawahata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.10.024","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcoidosis 1946-2013: a population-based study","volume":"91","author":"Ungprasert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.10.011","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcoidosis in Colombia: an analysis of the Ministry of Health databases","volume":"237","author":"Bautista-Vargas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4103\/atm.ATM_227_18","article-title":"Sarcoidosis in the Middle East","volume":"14","author":"Jayakrishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.03.013","article-title":"Elderly sarcoidosis: a comparative study from a 42-year single-centre experience","volume":"152","author":"Rubio-Rivas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605221142705","article-title":"Elderly sarcoidosis in Japan","volume":"50","author":"Masumoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.03.028","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and mortality of sarcoidosis in Korea, 2003-2015: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"144S","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcaa171","article-title":"Sarcoidosis diagnosed in the elderly: a case-control study","volume":"114","author":"Bert","year":"2021","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2022.106828","article-title":"Trends in sarcoidosis mortality rate in Japan from 2001 to 2020: a population-based study","volume":"196","author":"Harada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0871-3","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of sarcoidosis in Korea: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"19","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-016-9952-6","article-title":"Influence of gender on epidemiology and clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis: a population-based retrospective cohort study 1976-2013","volume":"195","author":"Ungprasert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-022-01834-1","article-title":"Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for sarcoidosis: a nested case-control study","volume":"22","author":"Dehara","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws145","article-title":"Reproductive and hormonal factors in relation to incidence of sarcoidosis in US Black women: the Black Women's Health Study","volume":"176","author":"Cozier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.01.020","article-title":"Association between occupational exposures and sarcoidosis: an analysis from death certificates in the United States, 1988-1999","volume":"150","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.11.2106001","article-title":"Familial aggregation of sarcoidosis. A case-control etiologic study of sarcoidosis (ACCESS)","volume":"164","author":"Rybicki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.2.188","article-title":"Familial risk ratio of sarcoidosis in African-American sibs and parents","volume":"153","author":"Rybicki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00385-2018","article-title":"Familial aggregation and heritability of sarcoidosis: a Swedish nested case\u2212control study","volume":"52","author":"Rossides","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Res J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.55.9.751","article-title":"Epidemiology of familial sarcoidosis in the UK","volume":"55","author":"McGrath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.1999.0579","article-title":"Familial sarcoidosis in Finland and Hokkaido, Japan\u2014a comparative study","volume":"93","author":"Pietinalho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.094060","article-title":"Heredity in sarcoidosis: a registry-based twin study","volume":"63","author":"Sverrild","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-2977(98)00058-8","article-title":"Clinical presentation of sarcoidosis in The Netherlands an epidemiological study","volume":"53","author":"Wirnsberger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.11.022","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of familial sarcoidosis: a systematic literature review","volume":"149","author":"Terwiel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00964-2024","article-title":"Familial risk and phenotypic variation of sarcoidosis in the Icelandic population","volume":"11","author":"Arnadottir","year":"2025","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16101830","article-title":"Genetic variants associated with FDNY WTC-related sarcoidosis","volume":"16","author":"Cleven","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000798","article-title":"Genetics in sarcoidosis","volume":"27","author":"Spagnolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2008.01984.x","article-title":"A common haplotype of the C-C chemokine receptor 2 gene and HLA-DRB1*0301 are independent genetic risk factors for Lofgren's syndrome","volume":"264","author":"Spagnolo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201507-1372OC","article-title":"High-density genetic mapping identifies new susceptibility variants in sarcoidosis phenotypes and shows genomic-driven phenotypic differences","volume":"193","author":"Rivera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.198","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies ANXA11 as a new susceptibility locus for sarcoidosis","volume":"40","author":"Hofmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11091557","article-title":"ANXA11 rs1049550 associates with L\u00f6fgren\u2019s syndrome and chronic sarcoidosis","volume":"11","author":"Karakaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2011.27","article-title":"Functional variant ANXA11 R230C: true marker of protection and candidate disease modifier in sarcoidosis","volume":"12","author":"Mrazek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib67","first-page":"418","article-title":"Annexin A11 is associated with pulmonary fibrosis in African American patients with sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases","volume":"33","author":"Mirsaeidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J WASOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081967","article-title":"A Polymorphism in C-C Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) associates with L\u00f6fgren\u2019s syndrome and alters receptor expression as well as functional response","volume":"10","author":"Karakaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00422","article-title":"SNP variants in major histocompatibility complex are associated with sarcoidosis susceptibility-a joint analysis in four European populations","volume":"8","author":"Wolin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2014-0227OC","article-title":"Association of HLA-DRB1 with sarcoidosis susceptibility and progression in African Americans","volume":"53","author":"Levin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2019.1705985","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of ocular sarcoidosis confirms HLA associations and implicates barrier function and autoimmunity in African Americans","volume":"29","author":"Garman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1086\/378097","article-title":"HLA-DRB1*1101: a significant risk factor for sarcoidosis in blacks and whites","volume":"73","author":"Rossman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200402-249OC","article-title":"A case control etiologic study of sarcoidosis: environmental and occupational risk factors","volume":"170","author":"Newman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20924","article-title":"\u201cSarcoid like\u201d granulomatous pulmonary disease in World Trade Center disaster responders","volume":"54","author":"Crowley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.116.5.1183","article-title":"The incidence, prevalence, and severity of sarcoidosis in New York City firefighters","volume":"116","author":"Prezant","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqae137","article-title":"Occupational exposure and sarcoidosis: a case-control study in three countries","volume":"75","author":"Vinnikov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Occup Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000155711.88781.91","article-title":"Job and industry classifications associated with sarcoidosis in a case-control etiologic study of sarcoidosis (ACCESS)","volume":"47","author":"Barnard","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200402-249OC","article-title":"A case control etiologic study of sarcoidosis: environmental and occupational risk factors","volume":"170","author":"Newman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24853-8","article-title":"Factors associated with a diagnosis of sarcoidosis among US veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan","volume":"12","author":"Jani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2114","article-title":"World Trade Center \u201csarcoid-like\u201d\u00a0granulomatous pulmonary disease in New York City Fire Department rescue workers","volume":"131","author":"Izbicki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.06.004","article-title":"Post-9\/11 sarcoidosis in WTC-exposed firefighters and emergency medical service workers","volume":"132","author":"Webber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.10.014","article-title":"Clinical course of sarcoidosis in world trade center-exposed firefighters","volume":"153","author":"Hena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110703","article-title":"Characterization of the dust\/smoke aerosol that settled east of the World Trade Center (WTC) in lower Manhattan after the collapse of the WTC 11 September 2001","volume":"110","author":"Lioy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(00)00179-4","article-title":"MA. A current assessment of rurally linked exposures as potential risk factors for sarcoidosis","volume":"11","author":"Lackland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038926","article-title":"Sarcoidosis and silica dust exposure among men in Sweden: a case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Graff","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016839","article-title":"Risk of sarcoidosis and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis from occupational silica exposure in Swedish iron foundries: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Vihlborg","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqz118","article-title":"Silica dust and sarcoidosis in Swedish construction workers","volume":"69","author":"Jonsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Occup Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01409-w","article-title":"Immunoreactivity to metal and silica associates with sarcoidosis in Dutch patients","volume":"21","author":"Beijer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13519","article-title":"Simultaneous testing of immunological sensitization to multiple antigens in sarcoidosis reveals an association with inorganic antigens specifically related to a fibrotic phenotype","volume":"203","author":"Beijer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901159","article-title":"Case report: Lung disease in World Trade Center responders exposed to dust and smoke: carbon nanotubes found in the lungs of World Trade Center patients and dust samples","volume":"118","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073705","article-title":"Studies in a murine granuloma model of instilled carbon nanotubes: relevance to sarcoidosis","volume":"22","author":"Barna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib92","first-page":"1704","article-title":"Carbon nanotube stimulation of human mononuclear cells to model granulomatous inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Kala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202400238","article-title":"Development of a mouse cardiac sarcoidosis model using carbon nanotubes","volume":"8","author":"Van Remortel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202008-1083RL","article-title":"Acute sarcoidosis clusters in cold season and is associated with ambient air pollution: a retrospective clinical-meteorological study","volume":"18","author":"Rustler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.12051197","article-title":"Seasonal clustering of sarcoidosis presenting with erythema nodosum","volume":"12","author":"Wilsher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.6.499","article-title":"Sarcoid arthritis: clinical characteristics, diagnostic aspects, and risk factors","volume":"61","author":"Visser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209032","article-title":"Seasonal variation in incidence of sarcoidosis: a population-based study, 1976-2013","volume":"71","author":"Ungprasert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4103\/hmj.hmj_1_22","article-title":"Evaluation of sarcoidosis cases in the last decade: is there a seasonal difference?","volume":"15","author":"\u00d6z\u00e7elik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hamdan Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.11.013","article-title":"Analysis of 275 patients with sarcoidosis over a 38 year period; a single-institution experience","volume":"101","author":"Demirkok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-016-0332-z","article-title":"Is there any association between sarcoidosis and infectious agents?: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Esteves","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1515\/jomb-2017-0041","article-title":"Association between vitamin D deficiencies in sarcoidosis with disease activity, course of disease and stages of lung involvements","volume":"37","author":"Kiani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15042","article-title":"Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria from cutaneous sarcoidosis lesions by reverse blot hybridization assay","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.03.010","article-title":"The sarcoid-tuberculosis link: evidence from a high TB prevalence country","volume":"60","author":"Mootha","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00002607","article-title":"Molecular evidence for the role of mycobacteria in sarcoidosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13482","article-title":"Bidirectional association between tuberculosis and sarcoidosis","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2023.152205","article-title":"Sarcoidosis rates in BCG-vaccinated and unvaccinated young adults: a natural experiment using Danish registers","volume":"60","author":"Baker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.12.027","article-title":"Phase II investigation of the efficacy of antimycobacterial therapy in chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"159","author":"Drake","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib108","article-title":"Presence of Propionibacterium acnes in granulomas associates with a chronic disease course in Dutch sarcoidosis patients","volume":"7","author":"Beijer","year":"2020","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib109","first-page":"33","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes is the most common bacterium commensal in peripheral lung tissue and mediastinal lymph nodes from subjects without sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases","volume":"22","author":"Ishige","year":"2005","journal-title":"J WASOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00930-2020","article-title":"Detection of Cutibacterium acnes in granulomas of patients with either hypersensitivity pneumonitis or vasculitis reveals that its presence is not unique for sarcoidosis","volume":"7","author":"Beijer","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00767-2020","article-title":"Risk of first and recurrent serious infection in sarcoidosis: a Swedish register-based cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Rossides","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020342","article-title":"Infectious complications of pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"13","author":"Valeyre","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib113","first-page":"112","article-title":"An epidemiological perspective of the pathology and etiology of sarcoidosis","volume":"33","author":"Sawahata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffus Lung Dis J WASOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12703\/b\/9-14","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in sarcoidosis","volume":"9","author":"Gianella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fac Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1159\/000354750","article-title":"Skin color is relevant to vitamin D synthesis","volume":"227","author":"Libon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chpulm.2025.100193","article-title":"Sarcoidosis and risk of nephrolithiasis in U.S. Black women: data from the Black Women\u2019s Health Study","author":"McAllister","year":"2025","journal-title":"CHEST Pulm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-89942-w","article-title":"Seasonal variation in Swedish sarcoidosis patients with severe hypercalcemia","volume":"15","author":"Werner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003562","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in sarcoidosis","volume":"3","author":"Bolland","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13219","article-title":"Extraskeletal actions of vitamin D","volume":"1376","author":"Bikle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.103127","article-title":"Sarcoidosis and its relation to other immune-mediated diseases: epidemiological insights","volume":"149","author":"Arkema","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu045","article-title":"Body mass index and risk of autoimmune diseases: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort","volume":"43","author":"Harps\u00f8e","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-1099","article-title":"Obesity and weight gain in relation to incidence of sarcoidosis in US black women: data from the Black Women's Health Study","volume":"147","author":"Cozier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01397-2017","article-title":"Prospective study of body mass index and risk of sarcoidosis in US women","volume":"50","author":"Dumas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.10.003","article-title":"Smoking, obesity and risk of sarcoidosis: a population-based nested case-control study","volume":"120","author":"Ungprasert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.05.008","article-title":"The relationship of obesity and OSA to the development of sarcoidosis: a large retrospective case-control US veterans administration analysis","volume":"162","author":"Judson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00492-2022","article-title":"Modifiable lifestyle risk factors for sarcoidosis: a nested case-control study","volume":"9","author":"Dehara","year":"2023","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref127","article-title":"GWAS identifies genetic loci, lifestyle factors and circulating biomarkers that are risk factors for sarcoidosis","volume":"16","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3034","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology","volume":"27","author":"Lawlor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2025.108089","article-title":"Smoking and the risk of sarcoidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"241","author":"Dehara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2025.2495852","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and sarcoidosis revisited-evidence, mechanisms, and clinical implications: a narrative review","volume":"41","author":"Sweis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54612-1","article-title":"A gene-environment interaction between smoking and gene polymorphisms provides a high risk of two subgroups of sarcoidosis","volume":"9","author":"Rivera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.031","article-title":"A pilot randomized trial of transdermal nicotine for pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"160","author":"Crouser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200909-1338OC","article-title":"Smoking, use of moist snuff, and risk of chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"181","author":"Carlens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-024-00761-8","article-title":"A snapshot of United States sarcoidosis patients and their perceived disease impact: results of the Sarcoidosis Research Institute Survey","volume":"203","author":"Obi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref135","article-title":"Risk of depression and anxiety in 7.302 patients with sarcoidosis: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Sikjaer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffus Lung Dis J WASOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60111787","article-title":"Elevated mortality risk in the first year post-diagnosis of sarcoidosis: a comprehensive population-based cohort study","volume":"60","author":"Patt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-017-0012-7","article-title":"Hospitalization among patients with sarcoidosis: a population-based cohort study 1987-2015","volume":"195","author":"Ungprasert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-12-19","article-title":"Increased hospitalizations among sarcoidosis patients from 1998 to 2008: a population-based cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Gerke","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.07.2166","article-title":"National temporal trends in hospitalization and inpatient mortality in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis in the United States between 2007 and 2018","volume":"161","author":"Alqalyoobi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01815-2017","article-title":"Sarcoidosis mortality in Sweden: a population-based cohort study","volume":"51","author":"Rossides","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.10.043","article-title":"Trends in all-cause mortality among US veterans with sarcoidosis, 2004-2022","volume":"167","author":"Seedahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12398","article-title":"The influence of comorbidities on mortality in sarcoidosis: a observational prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Nowinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00028-2021","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes risk in sarcoidosis patients untreated and treated with corticosteroids","volume":"7","author":"Entrop","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib144","article-title":"Incidence of new comorbidities after steroid use in patients with sarcoidosis: an international cross-sectional survey","author":"Harper","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3426-1","article-title":"Risk of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures in patients with sarcoidosis: a population-based cohort","volume":"27","author":"Bours","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-3962-y","article-title":"Risk of fragility fracture among patients with sarcoidosis: a population-based study 1976-2013","volume":"28","author":"Ungprasert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4115-z","article-title":"Use of systemic glucocorticoids and the risk of major osteoporotic fractures in patients with sarcoidosis","volume":"28","author":"Oshagbemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000400","article-title":"Current concepts regarding calcium metabolism and bone health in sarcoidosis","volume":"23","author":"Baughman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref149","article-title":"A paradigm shift in corticosteroid therapy for sarcoidosis: a World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders Position Paper, endorsed by the Americas Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders","author":"Wells","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_sbref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2501443","article-title":"First-line treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis with prednisone or methotrexate","volume":"393","author":"Kahlmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201610-750OC","article-title":"Sarcoidosis increases risk of hospitalized infection. A population-based study, 1976-2013","volume":"14","author":"Ungprasert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008846","article-title":"Severe infections in sarcoidosis: incidence, predictors and long-term outcome in a cohort of 585 patients","volume":"96","author":"Dureault","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib153","first-page":"87","article-title":"Infection prevention in sarcoidosis: proposal for vaccination and prophylactic therapy","volume":"37","author":"Syed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffus Lung Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2025.108372","article-title":"Impact of interstitial lung disease on COVID-19 severity: a nationwide register study","volume":"248","author":"Ekbom","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2021-319129","article-title":"Risk and predictors of heart failure in sarcoidosis in a population-based cohort study from Sweden","volume":"108","author":"Rossides","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-1475","article-title":"Sarcoidosis and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"147","author":"Bonifazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.05.014","article-title":"History and familial aggregation of immune-mediated diseases in sarcoidosis: a register-based case-control-family study","volume":"166","author":"Rossides","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.03.021","article-title":"Sleep disturbance and symptom burden in sarcoidosis","volume":"144S","author":"Benn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106624","article-title":"Risk of acute myocardial infarction in sarcoidosis: a population-based cohort study from Sweden","volume":"188","author":"Rossides","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723_bib160","first-page":"170","article-title":"Sarcoidosis as a risk factor for venous thromboembolism","volume":"34","author":"Geremek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis, Vasc\u00a0Diffuse Lung Dis"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952791525001992?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952791525001992?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T09:35:00Z","timestamp":1784540100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0952791525001992"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":160,"alternative-id":["S0952791525001992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-7915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-7915","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Patterns and trends in sarcoidosis: an epidemiological perspective","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2025.102723","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102723"}}