{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:08:58Z","timestamp":1792843738939,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T17:01:55Z","timestamp":1754413315000},"page":"114991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"P1","title":["TiO\u2082\/PANI-based sensing electrode for ethanol detection in human sweat to monitor liver functioning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"256","author":[{"given":"Bhavya","family":"Padha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isha","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5059-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandeep","family":"Arya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib1","article-title":"A fully integrated, non-invasive, and multimodal wearable device for sweat stimulation, collection and multiple physiological signals analysis","volume":"505","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvr090","article-title":"The scent of disease: volatile organic compounds of the human body related to disease and disorder","volume":"150","author":"Shirasu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-024-02142-x","article-title":"Progress and challenges of developing volatile metabolites from exhaled breath as a biomarker platform","volume":"20","author":"Chou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109713","article-title":"Volatile organic compound emissions from the human body: decoupling and comparison between whole-body skin and breath emissions","volume":"226","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11090618","article-title":"Liver impairment\u2014the potential application of volatile organic compounds in hepatology","volume":"11","author":"Stavropoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7080","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c10827","article-title":"Sensors for volatile organic compounds","volume":"16","author":"Khatib","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132258","article-title":"Molecular aspects of alcohol metabolism: transcription factors involved in early ethanol-induced liver injury","volume":"24","author":"Nagy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01850-y","article-title":"Non-invasive proteomic biomarkers for alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"28","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00066-3","article-title":"Non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"8","author":"Tincopa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12040252","article-title":"A review on flexible electrochemical biosensors to monitor alcohol in sweat","volume":"12","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0202278","article-title":"Electrochemical sensors","volume":"74","author":"Bakker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1021\/jp962450c","article-title":"Effects of surface step density on the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid","volume":"101","author":"Tarnowski","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib13","first-page":"1","article-title":"High-performance ethanol gas sensor using TiO 2 nanostructures","volume":"132","author":"Priyanka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-020-08039-4","article-title":"Quantification of ethanol by metal-oxide-based resistive sensors: a review","volume":"49","author":"Dharmalingam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-010-5113-0","article-title":"Review of the anatase to rutile phase transformation","volume":"46","author":"Hanaor","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10131","DOI":"10.1021\/cr400625j","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nanomaterials for sensor applications","volume":"114","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-020-08039-4","article-title":"Quantification of ethanol by metal-oxide-based resistive sensors: a review","volume":"49","author":"Dharmalingam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electron. Mater."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12224","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA09315J","article-title":"The fabrication of a chemical sensor with PANI-TiO 2 nanocomposites","volume":"10","author":"Karim","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.3390\/s110201924","article-title":"Effect of TiO2 on the gas sensing features of TiO2\/PANi nanocomposites","volume":"11","author":"Huyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/aaa9f1","article-title":"Chemically synthesized TiO2 and PANI\/TiO2 thin films for ethanol sensing applications","volume":"5","author":"Gawri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0116648","article-title":"Microfluidic wearable electrochemical sweat sensors for health monitoring","volume":"16","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solidstatesciences.2012.03.020","article-title":"Facile synthesis of polyaniline\/TiO2\/graphene oxide composite for high performance supercapacitors","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"Solid State Sci."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6710","DOI":"10.3390\/app10196710","article-title":"Application of PANI\/TiO2 composite for photocatalytic degradation of contaminants from aqueous solution","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114960","article-title":"Highly customized porous TiO2-PANI nanoparticles with excellent photocatalytic efficiency for dye degradation","volume":"225","author":"Kaur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.128533","article-title":"The role of mixing on the kinetics of nucleation and crystal growth in membrane distillation crystallisation","volume":"353","author":"Jikazana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib26","first-page":"177","article-title":"Specific surface free energy of as-grown and polished faces of synthetic quartz","author":"Suzuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Process Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib27","series-title":"Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis","author":"Goldstein","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-8610-0_5","article-title":"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)","author":"Andrade","year":"1985","journal-title":"Surf. Interfacial Asp. Biomed. Polym. Vol. 1 Surf. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"5-8","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5729(02)00100-0","article-title":"The surface science of titanium dioxide","volume":"48","author":"Diebold","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surf. Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9517(03)00187-8","article-title":"The influence of surface properties on the photocatalytic activity of nanostructured TiO2","volume":"219","author":"Yeung","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2011.01.032","article-title":"Tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles\/electrospun carbon nanofibers (CNFs) heterostructures: controlled fabrication and high capacitive behavior","volume":"356","author":"Mu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2023.123556","article-title":"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of surface-treated TiO2 mesoporous film by 500 ev argon ion beam","volume":"393","author":"Qahtan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200274050857","article-title":"Polyaniline. Preparation of a conducting polymer (IUPAC technical report)","volume":"74","author":"Stejskal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2008.08.004","article-title":"Comparative XPS surface study of polyaniline thin films","volume":"179","author":"Golczak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1080\/00268979200101761","article-title":"High resolution monochromated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of organic polymers: a comparison between solid state data for organic polymers and gas phase data for small molecules","volume":"76","author":"Beamson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib36","author":"Mamedov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Charact. TiO 2 nanopowders Raman Spectrosc."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-019-02912-x","article-title":"Highly ordered polyaniline: synthesis, characterization and electrochemical properties","volume":"77","author":"Gusain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0202278","article-title":"Electrochemical sensors","volume":"74","author":"Bakker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib39","first-page":"S49","article-title":"Limit of blank, limit of detection and limit of quantitation","volume":"29","author":"Armbruster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1021\/ed060p702","article-title":"Cyclic voltammetry","volume":"60","author":"Kissinger","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib41","unstructured":"J.Y. Go, S.I. Pyun, 2007, A review of anomalous diffusion phenomena at fractal interface for diffusion-controlled and non-diffusion-controlled transfer processes.."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40486-022-00146-7","article-title":"Ethanol-sensing properties of cobalt porphyrin-functionalized titanium dioxide nanoparticles as chemiresistive materials that are integrated into a low power microheater","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Micro Nano Syst. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3906\/kim-2008-46","article-title":"Enhanced ethanol sensing properties of WO $ _ {3} $ modified TiO $ _ {2} $ nanorods","volume":"45","author":"Abdikadyr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Chem."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib44","first-page":"1","article-title":"High-performance ethanol gas sensor using TiO 2 nanostructures","volume":"132","author":"Priyanka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-015-1577-6","article-title":"Conductometric sensor for ammonia and ethanol using gold nanoparticle-doped mesoporous TiO 2","volume":"182","author":"Xiong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13613","DOI":"10.3390\/s140813613","article-title":"A selective ultrahigh responding high temperature ethanol sensor using TiO2 nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Arafat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib47","first-page":"4866","article-title":"Electrohydrodynamic-Jet-Printed SnO2-TiO2-Composite-Based microelectromechanical systems sensor with enhanced ethanol detection","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens. (Basel Switz. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.07.062","article-title":"Enhanced ethanol sensing properties of TiO2 nanotube sensors","volume":"173","author":"Kwon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib49","first-page":"401","article-title":"Sweat ethanol concentrations are highly correlated with co-existing blood values in humans","volume":"84","author":"Buono","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00004.x","article-title":"Validity of transdermal alcohol monitoring: fixed and self-regulated dosing","volume":"30","author":"Sakai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib51","unstructured":"Wearable Alcohol Biosensor, https:\/\/skyn.bactrack.com\/. Accessed 16 July 2025."},{"issue":"366","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf2593","article-title":"A soft, wearable microfluidic device for the capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing of sweat","volume":"8","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4418","article-title":"Fuel-cell breathalyser use for field research on alcohol intoxication: an independent psychometric evaluation","volume":"6","author":"Sorbello","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11090618","article-title":"Liver impairment\u2014the potential application of volatile organic compounds in hepatology","volume":"11","author":"Stavropoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9942","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c21010","article-title":"Mechanistic insights for photoelectrochemical ethanol oxidation on black gold decorated monoclinic zirconia","volume":"13","author":"Wadhwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl, Mater, Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2018.05.014","article-title":"Wearable electrochemical alcohol biosensors","volume":"10","author":"Campbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Electrochem."}],"container-title":["Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0927776525004989?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0927776525004989?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T04:56:21Z","timestamp":1762577781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0927776525004989"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S0927776525004989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991","relation":{},"ISSN":["0927-7765"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0927-7765","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"TiO\u2082\/PANI-based sensing electrode for ethanol detection in human sweat to monitor liver functioning","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114991","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114991"}}