{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:51:23Z","timestamp":1786467083851,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025M782064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M782064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52533013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52533013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82471147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2406000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2406000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T20:06:11Z","timestamp":1781208371000},"page":"115911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Electroactive nanostructured polypyrrole coatings with on-demand drug release for immunomodulation of neural electrode interfaces"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"267","author":[{"given":"Anning","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyou","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyun","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongzheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0012825","article-title":"Celebrating the one millionth cochlear implant","volume":"2","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"JASA Express Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.55.091902.105251","article-title":"3rd. Cochlear implantation for the treatment of deafness","volume":"55","author":"Copeland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-022-00882-y","article-title":"Cochlear Health and Cochlear-implant Function","volume":"24","author":"Schvartz-Leyzac","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib4","article-title":"Regulation of spiral ganglion neuron regeneration as a therapeutic strategy in sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000540","article-title":"Intracochlear inflammatory response to cochlear implant electrodes in humans","volume":"35","author":"Seyyedi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001454","article-title":"Foreign Body Response to Silicone in Cochlear Implant Electrodes in the Human","volume":"38","author":"O'Malley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib7","article-title":"Cochlear implants: Causes, effects and mitigation strategies for the foreign body response and inflammation","author":"Muhammad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hear. ResHear Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00303","article-title":"Spiral ganglion cells and macrophages initiate neuro-inflammation and scarring following cochlear implantation","volume":"9","author":"Bas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002764","article-title":"Immune Response of Macrophage Population to Cochlear Implantation: Cochlea Immune Cells","volume":"41","author":"Noonan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e304","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002495","article-title":"The Distribution and Prevalence of Macrophages in the Cochlea Following Cochlear Implantation in the Human: An Immunohistochemical Study Using Anti-Iba1 Antibody","volume":"41","author":"Okayasu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib11","first-page":"2948","article-title":"Long-Term Release of Dexamethasone With a Polycaprolactone-Coated Electrode Alleviates Fibrosis in Cochlear Implantation","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mao.0000185056.99888.f3","article-title":"Measurement and analysis of access resistance and polarization impedance in cochlear implant recipients","volume":"26","author":"Tykocinski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"issue":"482","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao0935","article-title":"Delivery of therapeutics to the inner ear: The challenge of the blood-labyrinth barrier","volume":"11","author":"Nyberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.06.017","article-title":"Anatomical basis of drug delivery to the inner ear","volume":"368","author":"Glueckert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib15","article-title":"Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Treatment Strategies and Implications for Auditory Protection","volume":"1","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Neurosci. Neurosci. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.04.033","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and application research of a sustained releasing electrode coating for cochlear implantation","volume":"90","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C. Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.1960927","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, and in vitro\/vivo evaluation of dexamethasone\/poly(\u03b5-caprolactone)-based electrode coatings for cochlear implants","volume":"28","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug. Deliv."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202412158","article-title":"Multicargo Porous Cochlear Electrode Coating for Antifibrosis After Cochlear Implantation","volume":"12","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.08.015","article-title":"Recent advances in local drug delivery to the inner ear","volume":"494","author":"El Kechai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.1149","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of cochlear implant promotes activation of macrophages and fibroblasts under inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2023.102860","article-title":"Recent advances of polypyrrole conducting polymer film for biomedical application: Toward a viable platform for cell-microbial interactions","volume":"314","author":"Borges","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39799","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c09789","article-title":"Plasmon-Enhanced Electrocatalysis of Conductive Polymer-Based Nano-Heterojunction for Small Molecule Metabolites Diagnostics","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29071531","article-title":"Chlorpromazine-Polypyrrole Drug Delivery System Tailored for Neurological Application","volume":"29","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202301759","article-title":"Electroactive Polymers for On-Demand Drug Release","volume":"13","author":"Alkahtani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib25","article-title":"Wireless In Situ Catalytic Electron Signaling-Mediated Transcriptomic Reprogramming for Neuron Regeneration via Adaptable Antennas","volume":"12","author":"Iao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh. )"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib26","article-title":"A novel voltammetric amaranth sensor based on screen printed electrode modified with polypyrrole nanotubes","volume":"214","author":"Beitollahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121008","article-title":"Conductive polypyrrole-encapsulated silk fibroin fibers for cardiac tissue engineering","volume":"276","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c04033","article-title":"Polypyrrole-Silicon Nanowire Arrays for Controlled Intracellular Cargo Delivery","volume":"22","author":"Loh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib29","article-title":"Sustained Release of Nitric Oxide-Mediated Angiogenesis and Nerve Repair by Mussel-Inspired Adaptable Microreservoirs for Brain Traumatic Injury Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202500650","article-title":"In Situ Magnetoelectric Generation of miRNA Sponges and Wireless Electric Stimulus by Conductive Granular Scaffolds for Nerve Regeneration","volume":"37","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117392","article-title":"Intratympanic injection of MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles protects spiral ganglion neurons from degeneration","volume":"179","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4004","DOI":"10.1021\/es052148u","article-title":"Electrically controlled anion exchange based on polypyrrole and carbon nanotubes nanocomposite for perchlorate removal","volume":"40","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4592","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b06665","article-title":"Potassium-Ion Recovery with a Polypyrrole Membrane Electrode in Novel Redox Transistor Electrodialysis","volume":"54","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0927776526004996?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0927776526004996?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:03:53Z","timestamp":1786464233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0927776526004996"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S0927776526004996"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911","relation":{},"ISSN":["0927-7765"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0927-7765","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Electroactive nanostructured polypyrrole coatings with on-demand drug release for immunomodulation of neural electrode interfaces","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2026.115911","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115911"}}