{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:01:47Z","timestamp":1791266507324,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5F135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5F135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005417","name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15J84"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15J84"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005417","name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["04E20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04E20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005417","name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20H20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20H20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers in Biology and Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T10:56:44Z","timestamp":1602932204000},"page":"104062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Biomechanical evaluation of three different configurations of external fixators for treating distal third tibia fracture: Finite element analysis in axial, bending and torsion load"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"127","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2259-3233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Hadi","family":"Abdul Wahab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8375-4489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ng Bing","family":"Wui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Rafiq","family":"Abdul Kadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Hanif","family":"Ramlee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib1","first-page":"936","article-title":"A prospective study of delta frame as external fixator for open-distal tibial fractures","volume":"4","author":"Patil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int.l J. Orthopaedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.68B2.3514629","article-title":"External fixation of the tibia. Basic concepts and prospective evaluation","volume":"68","author":"Behrens","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. British"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib3","first-page":"74","article-title":"External fixation and temporary stabilization of femoral and tibial trauma","volume":"20","author":"Carroll","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Surg. Orthop. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-6666(99)80020-2","article-title":"Stabilization of the fractured tibial plafond","volume":"9","author":"Prayson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Operat. Tech. Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib5","first-page":"502","article-title":"Fractures of the foot and ankle","volume":"28","author":"Hopton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2018.12.005","article-title":"Numerical study of stress shielding reduction at fractured bone using metallic and composite bone-plate models","volume":"10","author":"Fouda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ain Shams Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.111213","article-title":"Effect of initial micro-movement of a fracture gap fastened by composite prosthesis on bone healing","volume":"226","author":"Mehboob","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-003-0671-5","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis for stress fractures of the anterior middle third of the tibia in athletes: nonlinear analysis using a three-dimensional finite element method","volume":"8","author":"Sonoda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100060517","article-title":"Correlations between mechanical stress history and tissue differentiation in initial fracture healing","volume":"6","author":"Carter","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib10","series-title":"Biomechanics of the Locomotor Apparatus: Contributions on the Functional Anatomy of the Locomotor Apparatus","author":"Pauwels","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200101000-00010","article-title":"Mechanical stimulation by external application of cyclic tensile strains does not effectively enhance bone healing","volume":"15","author":"Augat","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2016.07.007","article-title":"Influence of fracture geometry on bone healing under locking plate fixations: a comparison between oblique and transverse tibial fractures","volume":"38","author":"Miramini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)92196-3","article-title":"Effect OF controlled axial micromovement ON healing OF tibial fractures","volume":"328","author":"Kenwright","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib14","first-page":"115","article-title":"A theoretical analysis and finite element simulation of fixator-bone system stiffness on healing progression","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2003.09.005","article-title":"Fractures of the distal tibia: minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis","volume":"35","author":"Redfern","year":"2004","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199902000-00002","article-title":"A staged protocol for soft tissue management in the treatment of complex pilon fractures","volume":"13","author":"Sirkin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199307000-00013","article-title":"Open reduction and internal fixation of tibial plafond fractures. Variables contributing to poor results and complications","author":"Teeny","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-018-1830-3","article-title":"Biomechanical features of six design of the delta external fixator for treating Pilon fracture: a finite element study","volume":"56","author":"Ramlee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-019-1088-y","article-title":"The impact of plate length, fibula integrity and plate placement on tibial shaft fixation stability: a finite element study","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2004.08.009","article-title":"Computational simulation of axial dynamization on long bone fractures","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. BioMech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4629","article-title":"Biomechanical assessment and 3D finite element analysis of the treatment of tibial fractures using minimally invasive percutaneous plates","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Therapeutic Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3278","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.3278","article-title":"Performance evaluation of surgical techniques for treatment of scapholunate instability in a type II wrist","volume":"36","author":"Leonardo-Diaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Numerical Methods in Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.12.006","article-title":"Finite element analysis of Puddu and Tomofix plate fixation for open wedge high tibial osteotomy","volume":"43","author":"Raja Izaham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2014.05.015","article-title":"Finite element analysis of three commonly used external fixation devices for treating Type III pilon fractures","volume":"36","author":"Ramlee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-016-1525-6","article-title":"Number of pegs influence focal stress distributions and micromotion in glenoid implants: a finite element study","volume":"55","author":"Wahab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20425","article-title":"A stereophotographic study of ankle joint contac area","volume":"25","author":"Millington","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)01006-4","article-title":"Biomechanics and biology of fracture repair under external fixation","volume":"9","author":"Aro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31818b4c8e","article-title":"Micromotion at the fracture site after tibial nailing with four unreamed small-diameter nails\u2014a biomechanical study using a distal tibia fracture model","volume":"66","author":"Sch\u00fcller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Trauma and Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.67B4.4030869","article-title":"The influence of induced micromovement upon the healing of experimental tibial fractures","volume":"67-B","author":"Goodship","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Bone and Joint Surg. British"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2008.04.004","article-title":"Which is the best fixation method for lateral cortex disruption in the medial open wedge high tibial osteotomy? A biomechanical study","volume":"15","author":"Kazimoglu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.73B4.2071654","article-title":"Axial movement and tibial fractures. A controlled randomised trial of treatment","volume":"73-B","author":"Kenwright","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bone and Joint Surg. British"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(05)70191-7","article-title":"Fractures of the tarsal bones","volume":"32","author":"Pinney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Orthop. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(97)00806-X","article-title":"Mechanical properties of biomedical titanium alloys","volume":"243","author":"Niinomi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2006.06.002","article-title":"Management of complex open fracture injuries of the midfoot with external fixation","volume":"45","author":"Chandran","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg. : Off. Publ. Am. College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24401","article-title":"Parametric finite element analysis of intramedullary nail fixation of proximal femur fractures","volume":"37","author":"Tucker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.115212","article-title":"Biomechanics of callus in the bone healing process, determined by specimen-specific finite element analysis","volume":"132","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2009.05.021","article-title":"Ductile sliding between mineral crystals followed by rupture of collagen crosslinks: experimentally supported micromechanical explanation of bone strength","volume":"260","author":"Fritsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.11.007","article-title":"Prediction of fracture callus mechanical properties using micro-CT images and voxel-based finite element analysis","volume":"36","author":"Shefelbine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00211","article-title":"Mechanical regulation of bone regeneration: theories, models, and experiments","volume":"5","author":"Betts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.09.023","article-title":"An interface finite element model can be used to predict healing outcome of bone fractures","volume":"29","author":"Alierta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mechanical Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2015.1125473","article-title":"Biomechanical assessment and clinical analysis of different intramedullary nailing systems for oblique fractures","volume":"19","author":"Alierta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(98)90219-1","article-title":"Anatomic variation of the mechanical properties of the glenoid","volume":"7","author":"Mansat","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00029-8","article-title":"Finite element analysis of the mechanical behavior of a scapula implanted with a glenoid prosthesis","volume":"16","author":"Couteau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. BioMech."}],"container-title":["Computers in Biology and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010482520303930?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010482520303930?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T01:31:27Z","timestamp":1778635887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0010482520303930"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0010482520303930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-4825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-4825","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Biomechanical evaluation of three different configurations of external fixators for treating distal third tibia fracture: Finite element analysis in axial, bending and torsion load","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104062","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104062"}}