{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T16:13:28Z","timestamp":1793722408891,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003762","name":"Institut Pasteur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers in Biology and Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T09:28:28Z","timestamp":1747042108000},"page":"110313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["A new diagnostic method and tool for cutaneous leishmaniasis based on artificial intelligence techniques"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"192","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1937-6556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Said","family":"Gadri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soufyane","family":"Bounab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabil","family":"Benazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farida","family":"Zerouak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib1","first-page":"21","article-title":"On the flagellate protozoon of \"tropical ulcers\" (leishmaniasis)","volume":"1","author":"Leishman","year":"1903","journal-title":"J. Roy. Army Med. Corps"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib2","first-page":"200","article-title":"On a new species of flagellate protozoon allied to the Trypanosomes","volume":"1","author":"Donovan","year":"1903","journal-title":"J. Roy. Army Med. Corps"},{"issue":"2244","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib3","first-page":"33","article-title":"A note on the morphology and classification of the flagellate parasite of \"Bazar\" ulcer of the skin (Leishman-Donovan)","volume":"1","author":"Ross","year":"1903","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib4","first-page":"179","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: factors of formation and transmission of foci","volume":"84","author":"Lysenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib6","first-page":"848","article-title":"The increase in human leishmaniases worldwide and its consequences for public health","volume":"6","author":"Desjeux","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib7","first-page":"708","article-title":"The spectrum of cutaneous leishmaniasis: clinical and laboratory features","volume":"27","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib8","first-page":"83","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: a history of research","volume":"81","author":"Peters","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib9","first-page":"297","article-title":"Recent advances in the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a review","volume":"29","author":"Verma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib10","first-page":"245","article-title":"Machine learning in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib11","first-page":"47","article-title":"The role of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib12","first-page":"1325","article-title":"Culture of Leishmania in different culture media and systems","volume":"105","author":"Serpa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib13","first-page":"657","article-title":"Histopathological features of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a clinical, immunological and histopathological study","volume":"147","author":"McGowan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib14","first-page":"9","article-title":"Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis: a review of the methods currently available","volume":"12","author":"Riera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2003.492","article-title":"Value of diagnostic techniques for cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"49","author":"Faber","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.03.001","article-title":"A comparison of the efficiency of three sampling methods for use in the molecular and conventional diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"182","author":"Al-Jawabreh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008903","article-title":"Evaluation of conventional and four real-time PCR methods for the detection of Leishmania on field-collected samples in Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"Merdekios","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.05.021","article-title":"Immunodetection and molecular determination of visceral and cutaneous Leishmania infection using patients' urine","volume":"63","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol. : J. Mol. Epidemiol. Evolution. Gene. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.4.1435-1439.2006","article-title":"Comparison of PCR assays for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"44","author":"Bensoussan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib20","first-page":"29","article-title":"Recent advances in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Zinkernagel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007981","article-title":"Test accuracy of polymerase chain reaction methods against conventional diagnostic techniques for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) in patients with clinical or epidemiological suspicion of CL: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Mesa","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.09.020","article-title":"The applicability of real-time PCR in the diagnostic of cutaneous leishmaniasis and parasite quantification for clinical management: current status and perspectives","volume":"184","author":"Moreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.9.2246-2252.1994","article-title":"Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis and species discrimination of parasites by PCR and hybridization","volume":"32","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib24","first-page":"4581","article-title":"Comparative study of culture, smear and PCR in diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"41","author":"Dereure","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx037","article-title":"Sensitive molecular diagnostics for cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Sagi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005750","article-title":"A novel non-invasive diagnostic sampling technique for cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Taslimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062473","article-title":"Detection of DNA from leishmania (Viannia): accuracy of polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Neitzke-Abreu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib28","first-page":"123","article-title":"Deep learning approaches for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis from dermatoscopic images","volume":"10","author":"Akbari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib29","first-page":"45","article-title":"Harnessing natural language processing to enhance leishmaniasis diagnosis","volume":"3","author":"Oghabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib30","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in leishmaniasis: opportunities and challenges","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib31","first-page":"258","article-title":"Current diagnostic techniques in cutaneous leishmaniasis: a review","volume":"13","author":"Bhandari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib32","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","article-title":"You only Look once: unified, real-time object detection","author":"Redmon","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib33","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","article-title":"YOLO9000: better, faster, stronger","author":"Redmon","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib34","article-title":"YOLOv3: an incremental improvement","author":"Redmon","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.02767"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib35","article-title":"YOLOv4: optimal speed and accuracy of object detection","author":"Bochkovskiy","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.10934"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib36","article-title":"YOLOv8: next-generation object detection","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.09165"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib37","first-page":"69497","article-title":"A survey on object detection: a deep learning approach","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.32604\/jbd.2021.010364","article-title":"An overview of deep learning for the detection of objects from images","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Big Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Said, O.M. Sara, H. Khadidja, C. Safia, An Efficient System to Predict Customers\u2019 Satisfaction on Touristic Services Using ML and DL Approaches, 22rd Arabic International Conference on Information Technology (ACIT 2021), 21-23 Dec, IEEE Conference, Quabos University, Sultanate Oman, pp. 1\u20138 Available on: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9677167 DOI: 10.1109\/ACIT53391.2021.9677167.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACIT53391.2021.9677167"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib40","series-title":"Intelligent Computing & Optimization. ICO 2021. 30-31 Dec, 2021 (LNNS Springer Conference)","article-title":"Efficient traffic signs recognition based on CNN model for self-driving cars","volume":"vol. 371","author":"Gadri","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib41","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","article-title":"Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation","author":"Girshick","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib42","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)","article-title":"SSD: single Shot MultiBox detector","author":"Liu","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib43","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)","article-title":"Faster R-CNN: towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks","author":"Ren","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313_bib44","first-page":"306","article-title":"Utilizing YOLOv4 for automated Leishmania detection in histopathological sections","volume":"23","author":"Cora","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf."}],"container-title":["Computers in Biology and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S001048252500664X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S001048252500664X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T05:44:47Z","timestamp":1778564687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S001048252500664X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S001048252500664X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-4825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-4825","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A new diagnostic method and tool for cutaneous leishmaniasis based on artificial intelligence techniques","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110313","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110313"}}