{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T23:23:52Z","timestamp":1787268232981,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,8,12]],"date-time":"2027-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1818028800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":376,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1271124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1271124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2138296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2138296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2138307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2138307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2138259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2138259"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2137603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2137603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2138286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2138286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB030130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB030130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T15:44:35Z","timestamp":1786376675000},"page":"102805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["RulerNet: Learning perspective-invariant ruler representations for robust image scale estimation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1025-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yimu","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2790-9601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manas","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwen","family":"Sincerbeaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4086-057X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffery A.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5661-7785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison D.","family":"Gernand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4379-4173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Z.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.144.4.469","article-title":"Utility of lesion diameter in the clinical diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma","volume":"144","author":"Abbasi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b2","first-page":"134614","article-title":"Understanding hallucinations in diffusion models through mode interpolation","volume":"37","author":"Aithal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b3","series-title":"Advances in diffusion models for image data augmentation: A review of methods, models, evaluation metrics and future research directions","author":"Alimisis","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b4","series-title":"Skin cancer images: What does skin cancer look like?","author":"American Cancer Society","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b5","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Computing","first-page":"40","article-title":"A water level ruler recognition method based on deep learning technology","author":"An","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b6","series-title":"Data augmentation generative adversarial networks","author":"Antoniou","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.110047","article-title":"An intelligent water level monitoring method based on SSD algorithm","volume":"185","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailo, O., Ham, D., Min Shin, Y., 2019. Red blood cell image generation for data augmentation using conditional generative adversarial networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops. pp. 1039\u20131048.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2019.00136"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66833","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-2918","article-title":"Near-linear time algorithm for the chamfer distance","volume":"36","author":"Bakshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b10","series-title":"Comprehensive exploration of synthetic data generation: A survey","author":"Bauer","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4018\/ijdcf.2014010102","article-title":"Ruler detection for autoscaling forensic images","volume":"6","author":"Bhalerao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Crime Forensics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b12","series-title":"GAM augmentation: Augmenting training data using generative adversarial networks","author":"Bowles","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b13","series-title":"Incorporating customer reviews in size and fit recommendation systems for fashion e-commerce","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-020-01719-y","article-title":"Method on water level ruler reading recognition based on image processing","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Image Video Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-014-9763-3","article-title":"Ruler based automatic C-arm image stitching without overlapping constraint","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Digit. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2023.108517","article-title":"Synthetic data augmentation by diffusion probabilistic models to enhance weed recognition","volume":"216","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2020.101744","article-title":"AI-PLAX: AI-based placental assessment and examination using photos","volume":"84","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Med. Imaging Graph."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b18","series-title":"Footprints","author":"Crime Museum","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b19","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"248","article-title":"ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database","author":"Deng","year":"2009"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.3390\/w14121890","article-title":"Research on water-level recognition method based on image processing and convolutional neural networks","volume":"14","author":"Dou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b21","series-title":"10X 222233040103 MKT-P3304 0.01uF 250VAC 20% Philips capacitor","author":"eBay","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eshel, Y., Levi, O., Roitman, H., Nus, A., 2021. PreSizE: Predicting size in e-commerce using transformers. In: Proceedings of the 44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. pp. 255\u2013264.","DOI":"10.1145\/3404835.3462844"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, H., Han, B., Zhang, S., Zhou, S., Hu, C., Ye, W.-M., 2024. Data augmentation for object detection via controllable diffusion models. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision. pp. 1257\u20131266.","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV57701.2024.00129"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, C.-M., Yu, K., Liu, Y., Khan, S., Zuo, W., 2023. Diverse data augmentation with diffusions for effective test-time prompt tuning. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision. pp. 2704\u20132714.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00255"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b25","series-title":"DreamDA: Generative data augmentation with diffusion models","author":"Fu","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaidon, A., Wang, Q., Cabon, Y., Vig, E., 2016. Virtual worlds as proxy for multi-object tracking analysis. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 4340\u20134349.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.470"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.007","article-title":"Automatic estimation of a scale resolution in forensic images","volume":"283","author":"Gertsovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b28","series-title":"Bildverarbeitung F\u00fcr die Medizin 2008: Algorithmen\u2014Systeme\u2014Anwendungen Proceedings des Workshops Vom 6. Bis 8. April 2008 in Berlin","first-page":"192","article-title":"Ruler-based automatic stitching of spatially overlapping radiographs","author":"Goo\u00dfen","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b29","unstructured":"Grauman, K., Westbury, A., Byrne, E., Chavis, Z., Furnari, A., Girdhar, R., Hamburger, J., Jiang, H., Liu, M., Liu, X., et al., 2022. Ego4D: Around the world in 3,000 hours of egocentric video. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 18995\u201319012."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b30","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology","first-page":"117","article-title":"Image-based measurement of ancient coins","author":"Herrmann","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b31","series-title":"GPT-4o system card","author":"Hurst","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, K., Zaheer, M.Z., Mahmood, A., Nandakumar, K., 2024. DiffuseMix: Label-Preserving Data Augmentation with Diffusion Models. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 27621\u201327630.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02608"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b33","series-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Informatization in Education, Management and Business","first-page":"150","article-title":"Research on image measuring method based on monocular camera and ruler","author":"Jun","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karessli, N., Guigour\u00e8s, R., Shirvany, R., 2019. SizeNet: Weakly supervised learning of visual size and fit in fashion images. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops. pp. 335\u2013343.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2019.00046"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konovalov, D.A., Domingos, J.A., Bajema, C., White, R.D., Jerry, D.R., 2017. Ruler detection for automatic scaling of fish images. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Image Processing. pp. 90\u201395.","DOI":"10.1145\/3133264.3133271"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21040","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47885-0","article-title":"A novel approach to estimate the weight of food items based on features extracted from an image using boosting algorithms","volume":"13","author":"Konstantakopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b37","series-title":"Trismus... gnashing of the teeth","author":"Kresha","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-023-01978-5","article-title":"Gyroflow+: Gyroscope-guided unsupervised deep homography and optical flow learning","volume":"132","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5545","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2023.3273896","article-title":"ParallelEye pipeline: An effective method to synthesize images for improving the visual intelligence of intelligent vehicles","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern.: Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.05.100","article-title":"Automatic water-level detection using single-camera images with varied poses","volume":"127","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-023-06205-5","article-title":"A novel depth measurement method for urban flooding based on surveillance video images and a floating ruler","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5358","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2022.3190700","article-title":"LIQA: Lifelong blind image quality assessment","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b43","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE 3rd KhPI Week on Advanced Technology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Method of automatic identification of ruler scales on images to solve the problem of estimating the geometric dimensions of certain objects","author":"Lukashchuk","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b44","series-title":"2025 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multi-attribute continual learning for blind image quality assessment","author":"Luo","year":"2025"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12244924","article-title":"Rulers2023: An annotated dataset of synthetic and real images for ruler detection using deep learning","volume":"12","author":"Matuzevi\u010dius","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5755\/j02.eie.10340","article-title":"Mathematical models of oversaturated protein spots","volume":"73","author":"Matuzevi\u010dius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Elektron. Elektrotech."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b47","first-page":"3523","article-title":"Image segmentation using deep learning: A survey","volume":"44","author":"Minaee","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b48","article-title":"Measuring surface area of skin lesions with 2D and 3D algorithms","volume":"2019","author":"Mirzaalian Dastjerdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2021.100779","article-title":"Data augmentation using generative adversarial networks (GANs) for GAN-based detection of pneumonia and COVID-19 in chest X-ray images","volume":"27","author":"Motamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inform. Med. Unlocked"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b50","series-title":"Delaware bay juvenile finfish trawl survey","author":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","year":"2025"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101097:1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2024.101097","article-title":"Cross-modal contrastive learning for unified placenta analysis using photographs","volume":"5","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Patterns"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papon, J., Schoeler, M., 2015. Semantic pose using deep networks trained on synthetic RGB-D. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. pp. 774\u2013782.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.95"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b53","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition","first-page":"1038","article-title":"Towards a simulation driven stereo vision system","author":"Peris","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b54","series-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"78","article-title":"MobileNetV4: Universal models for the mobile ecosystem","author":"Qin","year":"2024"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-022-02501-6","article-title":"A two-stage image process for water level recognition via dual-attention CornerNet and CTransformer","volume":"39","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rematas, K., Ritschel, T., Fritz, M., Tuytelaars, T., 2014. Image-based synthesis and re-synthesis of viewpoints guided by 3D models. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 3898\u20133905.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.498"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b57","series-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"102","article-title":"Playing for data: Ground truth from computer games","author":"Richter","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b58","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","first-page":"234","article-title":"U-Net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation","author":"Ronneberger","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ros, G., Sellart, L., Materzynska, J., Vazquez, D., Lopez, A.M., 2016. The SYNTHIA dataset: A large collection of synthetic images for semantic segmentation of urban scenes. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 3234\u20133243.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.352"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52737-x","article-title":"Data augmentation using generative adversarial networks (CycleGAN) to improve generalizability in CT segmentation tasks","volume":"9","author":"Sandfort","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b61","series-title":"Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Simulation and Synthesis in Medical Imaging , Held in Conjunction with the 21st International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","first-page":"1","article-title":"Medical image synthesis for data augmentation and anonymization using generative adversarial networks","author":"Shin","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008202821328","article-title":"Differential evolution\u2013A simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces","volume":"11","author":"Storn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Global Optim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2022.3152942","article-title":"GraphIQA: Learning distortion graph representations for blind image quality assessment","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3390\/info11050259","article-title":"Heuristic analysis for in-plane non-contact calibration of rulers using mask R-CNN","volume":"11","author":"Telahun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000067479.77859.31","article-title":"Excision margins for nonmelanotic skin cancer","volume":"112","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b66","series-title":"Effective data augmentation with diffusion models","author":"Trabucco","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b67","article-title":"KSIQA: A knowledge-sharing model for no-reference image quality assessment","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10299","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2024.3405789","article-title":"Blind image quality assessment via adaptive graph attention","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.2983686","article-title":"Deep high-resolution representation learning for visual recognition","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2024.07.005","article-title":"A ruler detection method for auto-adjusting scales of shoeprint images","volume":"64","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b71","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition","first-page":"4241","article-title":"Extraction of ruler markings for estimating physical size of oral lesions","author":"Xue","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b72","series-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society","first-page":"3218","article-title":"Automatic detection of oral lesion measurement ruler toward computer-aided image-based oral cancer screening","author":"Xue","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, X., Pan, Q., Zhao, Y., 2024. Soil Profile Ruler Detection in YOLOv5. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Generative Artificial Intelligence and Information Security. pp. 324\u2013328.","DOI":"10.1145\/3665348.3665403"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b74","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Gangopadhyay, A., Chang, H.-M., Soni, R., 2023. Diffusion Model-Based Data Augmentation for Lung Ultrasound Classification with Limited Data. In: Proceedings of the Machine Learning for Health Workshop at the Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. pp. 664\u2013676."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.965801","article-title":"Eliminate the hardware: Mobile terminals-oriented food recognition and weight estimation system","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b76","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"2321","article-title":"Camera calibration with lens distortion from low-rank textures","author":"Zhang","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Rao, A., Agrawala, M., 2023. Adding conditional control to text-to-image diffusion models. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision. pp. 3836\u20133847.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00355"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flowmeasinst.2019.04.004","article-title":"In-situ water level measurement using NIR-imaging video camera","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Flow Meas. Instrum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b79","series-title":"Proceedings of the Pacific-Asia Conference on Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","first-page":"349","article-title":"Emotion classification with data augmentation using generative adversarial networks","author":"Zhu","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805_b80","series-title":"Data augmentation in emotion classification using generative adversarial networks","author":"Zhu","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0895611126001084?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0895611126001084?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T22:31:39Z","timestamp":1787265099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0895611126001084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["S0895611126001084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-6111"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-6111","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"RulerNet: Learning perspective-invariant ruler representations for robust image scale estimation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2026.102805","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102805"}}