{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T21:08:52Z","timestamp":1792184932544,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Comprehensive Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,24]],"date-time":"2008-08-24T04:07:39Z","timestamp":1219550859000},"page":"121-127","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":348,"title":["Cumulative effect of multiple trauma on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression in adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Sharain","family":"Suliman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyabulela G.","family":"Mkabile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan S.","family":"Fincham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashid","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan J.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Seedat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.09.015","article-title":"Exposure to violence and mental health among Chinese American urban adolescents","volume":"39","author":"Ozer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.67.3.264.48986","article-title":"Mental health effects of adolescent trauma exposure in a female college sample: exploring differential outcomes based on experiences of unique trauma types and dimensions","volume":"67","author":"Krupnick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810270028003","article-title":"Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults","volume":"48","author":"Breslau","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib4","article-title":"Difficulties in recruiting low-income women with PTSD into a psychotherapy treatment study","author":"Daroowalla","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"52","author":"Kessler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.65.5.834","article-title":"A 2-year longitudinal analysis of the relationship between violent assault and substance use in women","volume":"65","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.61.6.984","article-title":"Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women","volume":"61","author":"Resnick","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490070209","article-title":"Prevalence of traumatic events and posttraumatic psychological symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students","volume":"7","author":"Vrana","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490090104","article-title":"Cumulative trauma","volume":"9","author":"Follette","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007758711939","article-title":"Outcomes of single versus multiple trauma exposure in a screening sample","volume":"13","author":"Green","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.277.17.1362","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of women with a history of childhood abuse: unhealed wounds","volume":"277","author":"McCauley","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016299711568","article-title":"Civilian-based posttraumatic stress disorder and physical complaints: evaluation of depression as a mediator","volume":"15","author":"Miranda","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.5.577","article-title":"Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood","volume":"64","author":"Copeland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.06.008","article-title":"Poly-victimisation: A neglected component in child victimisation","volume":"31","author":"Finkelhor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib15","unstructured":"Fincham D, Korthals Altes L, Stein DJ, Seedat S. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among adolescents: risks factors versus resilience moderation. Manuscript submitted for publication; 2007."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/008124630103100201","article-title":"The psychological effects of chronic violence on children living in South African townships","volume":"31","author":"Govender","year":"2001","journal-title":"S Afr J Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1999.85.2.646","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress symptoms in a population of rural children in South Africa","volume":"85","author":"Peltzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib18","first-page":"1526","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in children exposed to violence","volume":"87","author":"Ensink","year":"1997","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/16826108.2000.9632366","article-title":"School survey of exposure to violence and posttraumatic stress symptoms in adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Seedat","year":"2000","journal-title":"S Afr J Child Adolesc Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.184.2.169","article-title":"Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms in urban African schools","volume":"184","author":"Seedat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.7.4.297","article-title":"Exposure to violence and it\u2019s relationship to psychopathology in adolescents","volume":"7","author":"Ward","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327795jra0401_5","article-title":"Life events and adjustment in adolescents: the significance of event independence, desirability and chronicity","volume":"4","author":"Masten","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Res Adolesc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.8.1132","article-title":"Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect","volume":"151","author":"Bernstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199703000-00012","article-title":"Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population","volume":"36","author":"Bernstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","article-title":"Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children\u2014Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data","volume":"36","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib26","unstructured":"Amaya-Jackson L, McCarthy G, Newman E, Cherney M. Child PTSD Checklist. Department of Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC: Unpublished Instrument; 1995."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib27","series-title":"Beck Depression Inventory Manual","author":"Beck","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199708000-00015","article-title":"Post-traumatic symptomatology in children and adolescents after an industrial fire","volume":"36","author":"March","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib29","article-title":"Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) among adolescents in the Cape Town metropole of South Africa","author":"Fincham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2006.01.004","article-title":"Gender differences in traumatic events and rates of post-traumatic stress disorder among homeless youth","volume":"30","author":"Gwadza","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.273.6.477","article-title":"Adolescents exposure to violence and associated symptoms and psychological trauma","volume":"27","author":"Singer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib32","first-page":"5","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder: an exploratory study examining rates of trauma and PTSD and its effect on client outcomes in community mental health","author":"Howgego","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib33","first-page":"4","article-title":"Psychological trauma and evidence for enhanced vulnerability for posttraumatic stress disorder through previous trauma among West Nile refugees","author":"Neuner","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.03.019","article-title":"Childhood adversity and combat as predictors of depression and post-traumatic stress in deployed troops","volume":"33","author":"Cabrera","year":"2007","journal-title":"AM J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708002778","volume":"38","author":"Iversen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400000791","article-title":"Loss of parent in childhood and adult psychiatric disorder: a tentative overall model","volume":"2","author":"Harris","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.748","article-title":"Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma exposed adults","volume":"68","author":"Brewin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.1.52","article-title":"Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis","volume":"129","author":"Ozer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"}],"container-title":["Comprehensive Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010440X08000916?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010440X08000916?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T11:23:36Z","timestamp":1557746616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0010440X08000916"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0010440X08000916"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.06.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-440X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-440X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}}}