{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:03:07Z","timestamp":1791291787784,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Comprehensive Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,24]],"date-time":"2008-09-24T08:42:45Z","timestamp":1222245765000},"page":"245-250","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in substance users: a comparison across substances"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagadisha","family":"Thirthalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arbi Ben","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin M.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda B.","family":"Cottler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/21.3.367","article-title":"Expectations and motives for substance use in schizophrenia","volume":"21","author":"Mueser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.2.224","article-title":"Drug abuse in schizophrenic patients: clinical correlates and reasons for use","volume":"148","author":"Dixon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790210065008","article-title":"Exclusion criteria of DSM III: a study of co-occurrence of hierarchy-free symptoms","volume":"41","author":"Boyd","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.47.1.88","article-title":"Characteristics of persons with severe mental illness and substance abuse in rural areas","volume":"47","author":"Barry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib5","first-page":"568","article-title":"Case manager ratings of the clinical status of dually diagnosed outpatients","volume":"45","author":"Comtois","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(94)90054-L","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of \u201cdual diagnosis\u201d among psychiatric inpatients","volume":"35","author":"Lehman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1992.tb01441.x","article-title":"Diagnostic and demographic correlates of substance abuse in schizophrenia and major affective disorder","volume":"85","author":"Mueser","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7374.1212","article-title":"Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study","volume":"325","author":"Arseneault","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)92620-1","article-title":"Cannabis and schizophrenia. a longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts","volume":"26","author":"Andreasson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.09.004","article-title":"Reasons for increased substance use in psychosis","volume":"27","author":"Gregg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105049040","article-title":"Cannabis as a risk factor for psychosis: systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Semple","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.184.2.110","article-title":"Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence","volume":"184","author":"Arseneault","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6997","key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6997.125","article-title":"Psychosis due to \u201cskunk\u201d","volume":"311","author":"Wylie","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1974.01760070014002","article-title":"Psychotic reactions following cannabis use in East Indians","volume":"30","author":"Chopra","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.210.2.299","article-title":"Marijuana psychosis. Acute toxic psychosis associated with the use of cannabis derivatives","volume":"210","author":"Talbott","year":"1969","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib16","series-title":"Amphetamine psychosis","author":"Connell","year":"1958"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.132.3.225","article-title":"Cocaine psychoses: a continuum model","volume":"132","author":"Post","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00114-3","article-title":"Significant interaction between clozapine and cocaine in cocaine addicts","volume":"59","author":"Farren","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(89)90165-0","article-title":"Amphetamine challenge test. Response to treatment and lateral ventricle size in schizophrenia","volume":"25","author":"Pandurangi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300496","article-title":"The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis","volume":"29","author":"D'Souza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.185.4.298","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of self-reported psychotic symptoms in the British population","volume":"185","author":"Johns","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf043","article-title":"Cannabis use and psychosis: a longitudinal population-based study","volume":"156","author":"van Os","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00401-7","article-title":"Cannabis use and dimensions of psychosis in a nonclinical population of female subjects","volume":"59","author":"Verdoux","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199008000-00001","article-title":"Epidemiological analysis of alcohol and drug use as risk factors for psychotic experiences","volume":"178","author":"Tien","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.03.014","article-title":"A comparison of symptoms and family history of schizophrenia with and without prior cannabis use: implications for the concept of cannabis psychosis","volume":"93","author":"Boydell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yco.0000218593.08313.fd","article-title":"Psychosis among substance users","volume":"19","author":"Thirthalli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib27","series-title":"Innovative approaches in the treatment of drug abuse: program models and strategies","first-page":"205","article-title":"St. Louis' Effort to Reduce the Spread of AIDS","author":"Cottler","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib28","article-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03060.x","article-title":"The reliability of the CIDI-SAM: a comprehensive substance abuse interview","volume":"84","author":"Cottler","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(94)01091-X","article-title":"The DSM-IV field trial for substance use disorders: major results","volume":"38","author":"Cottler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib31","first-page":"109","article-title":"Advantages of the CIDI family of instruments in epidemiological research of substance use disorders","volume":"3","author":"Cottler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00050-2","article-title":"Reliability of substance use disorder diagnoses among African-Americans and Caucasians","volume":"57","author":"Horton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(96)01249-5","article-title":"Comparing assessments of DSM-IV substance dependence disorders using CIDI-SAM and SCAN","volume":"41","author":"Compton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.5.566","article-title":"Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions","volume":"64","author":"Compton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080701409982","article-title":"Employment among chronic drug users at baseline and 6-month follow-up","volume":"42","author":"McCoy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.11.1053","article-title":"Children's self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorder: a 15-year longitudinal study","volume":"57","author":"Poulton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830110060007","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence, demographic risk factors, and diagnostic validity of nonaffective psychosis as assessed in a US community sample. The National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"53","author":"Kendler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4819","key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2820058","article-title":"Cocaine receptors on dopamine transporters are related to self-administration of cocaine","volume":"237","author":"Ritz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7534.172","article-title":"Cannabis and psychosis","volume":"332","author":"Fergusson","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.07.030","article-title":"Cannabinoid physiology and pharmacology: 30 years of progress","volume":"47","author":"Howlett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(75)90152-5","article-title":"Studies on the distinction between uptake inhibition and release of (3H) dopamine in rat brain tissue slices","volume":"24","author":"Heikkila","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6850","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.110035297","article-title":"Amphetamine-induced loss of human dopamine transporter activity: an internalization-dependent and cocaine-sensitive mechanism","volume":"97","author":"Saunders","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(99)00224-8","article-title":"Strauss (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population","volume":"45","author":"van Os","year":"2000","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01496.x","article-title":"The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among metamphetamine users","volume":"101","author":"McKetin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009_bib45","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["Comprehensive Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010440X08001107?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010440X08001107?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T02:04:13Z","timestamp":1684548253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0010440X08001107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0010440X08001107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-440X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-440X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}}}