{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T16:46:44Z","timestamp":1793724404580,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","oralmaxsurgery.theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,16]],"date-time":"2017-11-16T12:16:22Z","timestamp":1510834582000},"page":"47-60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Trauma to the Pediatric Temporomandibular Joint"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Sam S.","family":"Bae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Aronovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(10)80098-9","article-title":"Pediatric facial fractures: evolving patterns of treatment","volume":"51","author":"Posnick","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2015.03.020","article-title":"An institutional experience in the management of pediatric mandibular fractures: a study of 74 cases","volume":"43","author":"Andrade","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31828bd503","article-title":"215 mandible fractures in 120 children: demographics, treatment, outcomes, and early growth data","volume":"131","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2010.10.008","article-title":"Mandibular fractures in children: analysis of 61 cases and review of the literature","volume":"75","author":"Glazer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2011.03.019","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of mandibular condylar fractures in children","volume":"69","author":"Lekven","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28e","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000173445.10908.f8","article-title":"The pediatric mandible: II. Management of traumatic injury or fracture","volume":"116","author":"Smartt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31821d4db6","article-title":"Closed reduction of laterally displaced fracture\/dislocation of the mandibular condylar process in a child","volume":"22","author":"Christiano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2008.06.333","article-title":"Patterns and outcomes of pediatric facial fractures in the United States: a survey of the National Trauma Data Bank","volume":"207","author":"Imahara","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318199f695","article-title":"Principles of pediatric mandibular fracture management","volume":"123","author":"Cole","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cxom.2016.10.005","article-title":"Management of pediatric and adolescent condylar fractures","volume":"25","author":"Steed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2015.1456","article-title":"Patterns of pediatric mandible fractures in the United States","volume":"18","author":"Owusu","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cxom.2008.11.001","article-title":"Fractures of the growing mandible","volume":"17","author":"Kushner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31821c696c","article-title":"Pattern and treatment of facial trauma in pediatric and adolescent patients","volume":"22","author":"Munante-Cardenas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2000.107974","article-title":"Maxillofacial injuries in the pediatric patient","volume":"90","author":"Haug","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2003.05.013","article-title":"Craniomaxillofacial trauma in children: a review of 3,385 cases with 6,060 injuries in 10 years","volume":"62","author":"Gassner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2015.04.032","article-title":"The epidemiology of mandibular fractures in the United States, part 1: a review of 13,142 cases from the US National Trauma Data Bank","volume":"73","author":"Afrooz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(85)90002-7","article-title":"Ten years of mandibular fractures: an analysis of 2,137 cases","volume":"59","author":"Ellis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2006.07.854","article-title":"Fractures of the mandibular condyle: a review of 466 cases. Literature review, reflections on treatment and proposals","volume":"34","author":"Zachariades","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007","article-title":"Aetiology, pattern and treatment of mandibular condylar fractures in 549 patients: a 22-year retrospective study","volume":"41","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e318240c8ab","article-title":"Management of pediatric mandible fractures","volume":"23","author":"Goth","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.5999\/aps.2012.39.6.606","article-title":"Analysis of 809 facial bone fractures in a pediatric and adolescent population","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Plast Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14e","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000169940.69315.9C","article-title":"The pediatric mandible: I. A primer on growth and development","volume":"116","author":"Smartt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2005.06.015","article-title":"Pediatric facial fractures: recent advances in prevention, diagnosis and management","volume":"34","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2013.06.007","article-title":"Management of pediatric mandible fractures","volume":"46","author":"Wolfswinkel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9785(77)80067-7","article-title":"Condylar fractures of the mandible. I. Classification and relation to age, occlusion, and concomitant injuries of teeth and teeth-supporting structures, and fractures of the mandibular body","volume":"6","author":"Lindahl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Oral Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2009.10.010","article-title":"Fractures of the mandibular condyle: evidence base and current concepts of management","volume":"48","author":"Abdel-Galil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib27","series-title":"Spezielle frakture und luxationslehre","article-title":"Gelenkfortsatz und gelenkkopfchenfracturen","author":"Spiessl","year":"1972"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib28","first-page":"120","article-title":"Further displacement of condylar process fractures after closed treatment","volume":"59","author":"Ellis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2004.08.018","article-title":"Subclassification of fractures of the condylar process of the mandible","volume":"43","author":"Loukota","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cxom.2016.11.002","article-title":"Soft tissue trauma in the temporomandibular joint region associated with condylar fractures","volume":"25","author":"Krishnan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(90)90330-5","article-title":"The arthroscopic appearance of acute temporomandibular joint trauma","volume":"48","author":"Goss","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(95)90326-7","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of acute soft tissue injuries to the temporomandibular joint","volume":"53","author":"Sullivan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.10.068","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings of temporomandibular joint soft tissue changes in type V and VI condylar injuries","volume":"65","author":"Emshoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2006.09.013","article-title":"Condylar injury: magnetic resonance imaging findings of temporomandibular joint soft-tissue changes","volume":"36","author":"Gerhard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2012.08.026","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of temporomandibular joint and associated soft tissue changes following acute condylar injury","volume":"70","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2012.03.019","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of temporomandibular joint soft tissue injuries of intracapsular condylar fracture","volume":"51","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379e1-7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2015.09.003","article-title":"Severity of soft tissue injury within the temporomandibular joint following condylar fracture as seen on magnetic resonance imaging and its impact on outcome of functional management","volume":"73","author":"Tripathi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2001.27490","article-title":"Maxillofacial injuries associated with domestic violence","volume":"59","author":"Le","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420.e1-4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2016.03.001","article-title":"Pediatric maxillofacial trauma: a review of 156 patients","volume":"74","author":"Al Shetawi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000155282.48465.94","article-title":"Quality of life and facial trauma: psychological and body image effects","volume":"54","author":"Levine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib41","first-page":"496","article-title":"Psychological sequelae of facial trauma","volume":"43","author":"Bisson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2007.04.023","article-title":"Pediatric craniofacial trauma","volume":"66","author":"Eggensperger Wymann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.03.021","article-title":"Correlating facial fractures and cranial injuries","volume":"64","author":"Pappachan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514543775","article-title":"A\u00a0brief vestibular\/ocular motor screening (VOMS) assessment to evaluate concussions","volume":"42","author":"Mucha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0b013e3181dde568","article-title":"Vestibular rehabilitation for dizziness and balance disorders after concussion","volume":"34","author":"Alsalaheen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Phys Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2012.654590","article-title":"Neuropsychological and neurophysiological assessment of sport concussion in children, adolescents and adults","volume":"26","author":"Baillargeon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.08.003","article-title":"Physical therapy for central vestibular dysfunction","volume":"87","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-12-00061","article-title":"Visual dysfunctions and symptoms during the subacute stage of blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"177","author":"Capo-Aponte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optm.2006.11.011","article-title":"Occurrence of oculomotor dysfunctions in acquired brain injury: a retrospective analysis","volume":"78","author":"Ciuffreda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197102000-00005","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of fractures of the mandibular condyle in children","volume":"47","author":"Leake","year":"1971","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib51","first-page":"112","article-title":"Conservative management of a fractured mandible in a ten month old child","volume":"40","author":"Hazelrigg","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2014.11.007","article-title":"Recovery of mouth-opening after closed treatment of a fracture of the mandibular condyle: a longitudinal study","volume":"53","author":"Niezen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2010.03.015","article-title":"Complaints related to mandibular function impairment after closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle","volume":"39","author":"Niezen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib54","first-page":"424","article-title":"Function impairment and pain after closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle","volume":"59","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(00)80072-7","article-title":"Recovery of mandibular motion after closed and open treatment of unilateral mandibular condylar process fractures","volume":"29","author":"Throckmorton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib56","first-page":"61","article-title":"Normal maximal incisal opening and associations with physical variables in children","volume":"35","author":"Quyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(99)80056-3","article-title":"Long-term results of nonsurgical management of condyle fractures in children","volume":"28","author":"Hovinga","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000226943.79337.bf","article-title":"Open reduction and internal fixation of dislocated condylar fractures in children: long-term clinical and radiologic outcomes","volume":"57","author":"Deleyiannis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib59","first-page":"33","article-title":"The surgical treatment of facial injuries","volume":"38","author":"Risdon","year":"1938","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib60","first-page":"260","article-title":"The treatment of fractures of the jaws","volume":"20","author":"Risdon","year":"1929","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200011030-00005","article-title":"A\u00a0resorbable and rapid method for maxillomandibular fixation in pediatric mandible fractures","volume":"11","author":"Eppley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582.e1-8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2015.10.028","article-title":"An alternative method of intermaxillary fixation for simple pediatric mandible fractures","volume":"74","author":"Farber","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2011.09.006","article-title":"Management of pediatric mandibular condylar fractures with screw-based semi-rigid intermaxillary fixation","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(98)90214-1","article-title":"Radiologic changes of the temporomandibular joint after condylar fractures in childhood","volume":"86","author":"Thoren","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2001.23369","article-title":"Condylar process fractures in children: a follow-up study of fractures with total dislocation of the condyle from the glenoid fossa","volume":"59","author":"Thoren","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-196411000-00002","article-title":"Condylar neck fractures of the mandible in children","volume":"34","author":"Thomson","year":"1964","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib67","first-page":"351","article-title":"The treatment of fracture of the neck of the mandibular condyle","volume":"102","author":"MacGregor","year":"1957","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163.e1-20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2017.01.037","article-title":"Closed reduction principles can manage diverse conditions of temporomandibular joint vertical height loss: from displaced condylar fractures to idiopathic condylar resorption","volume":"75","author":"Nitzan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-012-0344-7","article-title":"Open versus closed reduction: mandibular condylar fractures in children","volume":"16","author":"Chrcanovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(10)80132-6","article-title":"Pediatric condylar fractures: long-term follow-up study of 55 patients","volume":"51","author":"Norholt","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.03.025","article-title":"Conservative orthodontic treatment for a patient with a unilateral condylar fracture","volume":"141","author":"Tavares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.2008.00750.x","article-title":"Long-term results of early condylar fracture correction: case report","volume":"25","author":"Farronato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent Traumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib73","first-page":"429","article-title":"TMJ remodeling after condylar fracture and functional jaw orthopedics a case report","volume":"63","author":"Girthofer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orofac Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(99)80200-8","article-title":"Conservative treatment of unilateral condylar fractures in children: a long-term clinical and radiographic follow up of 55 patients","volume":"28","author":"Strobl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2015.09.033","article-title":"Treatment algorithm for intracranial intrusion injuries of the mandibular condyle","volume":"74","author":"Arya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(95)90725-4","article-title":"Fracture of the mandibular condyle causing meningeal bleeding","volume":"53","author":"Dahlberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(20)31368-7","article-title":"Open reduction of mandibular condyle fractures: indications and techniques","volume":"16","author":"Zide","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2001.21868","article-title":"Outcomes of open versus closed treatment of mandibular subcondylar fractures","volume":"59","author":"Haug","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2014.09.027","article-title":"Surgical treatment of adult mandibular condylar fractures provides better outcomes than closed treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Al-Moraissi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.14402\/jkamprs.2014.36.6.259","article-title":"Anatomical and functional recovery of intracapsular fractures of the mandibular condyle: analysis of 124 cases after closed treatment","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(00)90047-8","article-title":"Occlusal results after open or closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condylar process","volume":"58","author":"Elis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001811","article-title":"Treatment of pediatric condylar fractures: a 20-year experience","volume":"136","author":"Ghasemzadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib83","first-page":"25","article-title":"Surgical approaches to mandibular condyle fractures: a review","volume":"5","author":"Kempers","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniomaxillofac Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2013.03.023","article-title":"Transoral open reduction and fixation of mandibular condylar base and neck fractures in children and young teenagers \u2013 A beneficial treatment option?","volume":"71","author":"Schiel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2000.8734","article-title":"Surgical complications with open treatment of mandibular condylar process fractures","volume":"58","author":"Ellis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(88)90462-4","article-title":"Intraoral open reduction with rigid internal fixation of mandibular subcondylar fractures","volume":"46","author":"Jeter","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.07.016","article-title":"Long-term outcomes after treatment of condylar fracture by intraoral access: a functional and radiologic assessment","volume":"65","author":"Veras","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2005.11.019","article-title":"Endoscopically assisted reduction and fixation of condylar neck\/base fractures \u2013 The learning curve","volume":"44","author":"Loukota","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2005.12.002","article-title":"Fixation of dicapitular fractures of the mandibular condyle with a headless bone screw","volume":"45","author":"Loukota","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2005.11.049","article-title":"Minimally invasive fracture treatment with cannulated lag screws in intracapsular fractures of the condyle","volume":"64","author":"Pilling","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2011.11.006","article-title":"Three-dimensional fixation of fractures of the mandibular condyle with resorbable 3-dimensional osteosynthesis mesh","volume":"50","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2007.11.025","article-title":"Fixation of comminuted diacapitular fractures of the mandibular condyle with ultrasound-activated resorbable pins","volume":"46","author":"Abdel-Galil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2010.05.001","article-title":"Stability of fixation of diacapitular fractures of the mandibular condylar process by ultrasound-aided resorbable pins (SonicWeld Rx\u00ae System) in pigs","volume":"49","author":"Schneider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-196607000-00004","article-title":"Dislocation of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa: review of the literature and report of a case","volume":"38","author":"Whiticare","year":"1966","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2005.08.019","article-title":"Temporomanidbular joint ankylosis after condylar fracture with penetration of the condyle in the medium cranial fossa","volume":"63","author":"De Oliveira","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(80)90037-8","article-title":"Early fracture of the mandibular condyles: frequently an unsuspected cause of growth disturbances","volume":"78","author":"Proffit","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib97","first-page":"227","article-title":"Etiology of ankylosis of temporomandibular joint: analysis of 44 cases","volume":"22","author":"Topazian","year":"1964","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-199907000-00007","article-title":"The effect on facial growth of pediatric mandibular fractures","volume":"10","author":"Demianczuk","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(98)90394-9","article-title":"Management of posttraumatic malocclusions caused by condylar process fractures","volume":"56","author":"Becking","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2016.04.012","article-title":"Is Alloplastic temporomandibular joint reconstruction a viable option in the surgical management of adult patients with idiopathic condylar resorption?","volume":"74","author":"Mehra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-10-35","article-title":"Current concepts in the pathogenesis of traumatic temporomandibular joint ankylosis","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Head Face Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2004.11.010","article-title":"Regulation of BMP-induced ectopic bone formation by Ahsg","volume":"23","author":"Rittenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-4356(02)00139-0","article-title":"Reconstruction of the temporomandibular joint autogenous compared with alloplastic","volume":"40","author":"Saeed","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004_bib104","first-page":"603","article-title":"Comparison of gap and inerpositional arthroplasty in the treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis","volume":"18","author":"Topazian","year":"1966","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Surg"}],"container-title":["Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1042369917300754?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1042369917300754?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T23:23:48Z","timestamp":1603322628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1042369917300754"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1042369917300754"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-3699"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-3699","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Trauma to the Pediatric Temporomandibular Joint","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coms.2017.08.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}