{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:14:20Z","timestamp":1790630060580,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T17:25:37Z","timestamp":1760635537000},"page":"133-147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Normal and Variant Anatomy of the Cervical Spine"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Padwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed","family":"Hashmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2022.07.012","article-title":"Craniocervical junction and cervical spine anatomy","volume":"32","author":"Offiah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib2","series-title":"The cervical spine","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anatomy of the cervical spine","author":"Louis-Ugbo","year":"2012"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.5403","article-title":"Ossification patterns of the atlas vertebra","volume":"197","author":"Junewick","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4103\/2156-7514.159565","article-title":"The dens: normal development, developmental variants and anomalies, and traumatic injuries","volume":"30","author":"O'Brien","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Imaging Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib5","first-page":"1899","article-title":"What is the C2 pedicle, pars interarticularis, and isthmus? Anatomical study and review of the literature regarding these confusing terms with proposal of new nomenclature","volume":"165","author":"Schmidt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-2902.isj20211824","article-title":"Morphological study of cervical spinal body and vertebral body anatomy: CT scan based","volume":"8","author":"Chaurasiya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Surg J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib7","series-title":"The cervical spine","first-page":"43","article-title":"Functional anatomy of joints, ligaments, and disks","author":"Patel","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2024.152337","article-title":"The content of the transverse foramen of the seventh cervical vertebra","volume":"257","author":"Kagel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24751","article-title":"Osteophytes on the zygapophyseal (facet) joints of the cervical spine (C3-C7): a skeletal study","volume":"305","author":"Ezra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2020.03.020","article-title":"The position of the vertebral artery V1 segment relative to the C7 vertebra","volume":"26","author":"Ushiku","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.5811","article-title":"MDCT of variations and anomalies of the neural arch and its processes: part 2--articular processes, transverse processes, and high cervical spine","volume":"197","author":"Mellado","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77577-y","article-title":"In vivo intervertebral disc deformation: intratissue strain patterns within adjacent discs during flexion-extension","volume":"11","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/03913988241229625","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of cervical spine (C2-C7) at different flexed postures","volume":"47","author":"Dandumahanti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010208","article-title":"Discogenic low back pain: anatomy, pathophysiology and treatments of intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"24","author":"Mohd Isa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2007.00171.x","article-title":"Intervertebral disc: anatomy-physiology-pathophysiology-treatment","volume":"8","author":"Raj","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11102714","article-title":"Understanding intervertebral disc degeneration: background factors and the role of initial injury","volume":"11","author":"Karchevskaya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035944","article-title":"Shh signaling from the nucleus pulposus is required for the postnatal growth and differentiation of the mouse intervertebral disc","volume":"7","author":"Dahia","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CDR.0001027108.12301.bf","article-title":"A case-based review of spine ligamentous anatomy and pathology","volume":"47","author":"Edwards","year":"2024","journal-title":"Contemp Diagn Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib19","series-title":"Handbook of spine technology. Gewerbestrasse","first-page":"717","article-title":"Cervical spine anatomy","author":"Yow","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2006.10.014","article-title":"Dynamic mechanical properties of intact human cervical spine ligaments","volume":"7","author":"Ivancic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1269","article-title":"Cervical facet capsular ligament mechanics: estimations based on subject-specific anatomy and kinematics","volume":"6","author":"Nikpasand","year":"2023","journal-title":"JOR Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-025-03615-x","article-title":"Comprehensive review of the cervical ligamenta flava","volume":"47","author":"Mortell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.10121","article-title":"Clinical anatomy of ligamentum nuchae","volume":"16","author":"Mercer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2074-y","article-title":"Towards defining muscular regions of interest from axial magnetic resonance imaging with anatomical cross-reference: part II - cervical spine musculature","volume":"19","author":"Elliott","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(04)80039-6","article-title":"Variability in the human m. spinalis capitis and cervicis: frequencies and definitions","volume":"186","author":"Greiner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"issue":"1S","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib26","article-title":"Congenital cervical spinal deformities","volume":"109","author":"Courvoisier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.37549\/AR-D-24-0049","article-title":"Klippel-feil syndrome essentials, part 1: embryological development and genetic mechanisms","author":"Ritchey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.9083","article-title":"Imaging of trauma: Part 1, Pseudotrauma of the spine--osseous variants that may simulate injury","volume":"199","author":"Carr","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010090","article-title":"Are congenital cervical block vertebrae a risk factor for adjacent segment disease? A retrospective cross-sectional CT and MR Imaging study","volume":"12","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002426","article-title":"Congenitally fused cervical spine is associated with adjacent-level degeneration in the absence of cervical spine surgery","volume":"93","author":"Friedman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.188.2.8327708","article-title":"Wedging of C-3 in infants and children: usually a normal finding and not a fracture","volume":"188","author":"Swischuk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2022.0075","article-title":"Morphological analysis of C2-C7 spinous process bifurcation in Chinese population: a study using three-dimensional reconstruction of computed tomography","volume":"82","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Folia Morphol (Warsz)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1319776","article-title":"The incidence of bifid c7 spinous processes","volume":"2","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob Spine J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218885","article-title":"Variation in the morphology of spinous processes in the cervical spine - an objective and parametric assessment based on CT study","volume":"14","author":"Ludwisiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13193029","article-title":"Double transverse foramina-an anatomical basis for possible vertebrobasilar insufficiency risk and vertebral artery injury","volume":"13","author":"Tuncel \u00c7ini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib36","first-page":"384","article-title":"Accessory transverse foramina in the cervical spine: incidence, embryological basis, morphology and surgical importance","volume":"21","author":"Murlimanju","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5334\/jbsr.1348","article-title":"Accessory articulation of the cervical transverse process: a very rare anatomic variant","volume":"102","author":"Braspenningx","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Belg Radiol"}],"container-title":["Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1042369925000639?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1042369925000639?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T23:47:11Z","timestamp":1762818431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1042369925000639"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1042369925000639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-3699"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-3699","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Normal and Variant Anatomy of the Cervical Spine","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coms.2025.08.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}