{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:13:26Z","timestamp":1791245606230,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]],"date-time":"2010-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1270080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]],"date-time":"2010-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1270080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmn.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Neurobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,17]],"date-time":"2010-02-17T04:39:50Z","timestamp":1266381590000},"page":"199-204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":351,"title":["Learning and cognitive flexibility: frontostriatal function and monoaminergic modulation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Angie A","family":"Kehagia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham K","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor W","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041","article-title":"Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex","volume":"9","author":"Alexander","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-06-02369.2000","article-title":"Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum","volume":"20","author":"Haber","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7143","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1486-08.2008","article-title":"Evidence for segregated and integrative connectivity patterns in the human basal ganglia","volume":"28","author":"Draganski","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8368","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0271-06.2006","article-title":"Reward-related cortical inputs define a large striatal region in primates that interface with associative cortical connections, providing a substrate for incentive-based learning","volume":"26","author":"Haber","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8124","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711113105","article-title":"Functional integration across a gradient of corticostriatal channels controls UP state transitions in the dorsal striatum","volume":"105","author":"Kasanetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn041","article-title":"Functional connectivity of human striatum: a resting state FMRI study","volume":"18","author":"Di Martino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj088","article-title":"Basal ganglia functional connectivity based on a meta-analysis of 126 positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging publications","volume":"16","author":"Postuma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00169-7","article-title":"Temporal difference models and reward-related learning in the human brain","volume":"38","author":"O\u2019Doherty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1593","article-title":"A neural substrate of prediction and reward","volume":"275","author":"Schultz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9673","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1425-06.2006","article-title":"Triplets of spikes in a model of spike timing-dependent plasticity","volume":"26","author":"Pfister","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.06.019","article-title":"Learning substrates in the primate prefrontal cortex and striatum: sustained activity related to successful actions","volume":"63","author":"Histed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/286074a0","article-title":"Effect of lesion of cortical dopamine terminals on subcortical dopamine receptors in rats","volume":"286","author":"Pycock","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16027","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807746105","article-title":"Transient and selective overexpression of D2 receptors in the striatum causes persistent deficits in conditional associative learning","volume":"105","author":"Bach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.01.023","article-title":"Transient and selective overexpression of dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum causes persistent abnormalities in prefrontal cortex functioning","volume":"49","author":"Kellendonk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5460.2020","article-title":"Reversal of antipsychotic-induced working memory deficits by short-term dopamine D1 receptor stimulation","volume":"287","author":"Castner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7281","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0813415106","article-title":"Disruption of NMDAR-dependent burst firing by dopamine neurons provides selective assessment of phasic dopamine-dependent behavior","volume":"106","author":"Zweifel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1168878","article-title":"Phasic firing in dopaminergic neurons is sufficient for behavioral conditioning","volume":"324","author":"Tsai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160873","article-title":"Reward-predictive cues enhance excitatory synaptic strength onto midbrain dopamine neurons","volume":"321","author":"Stuber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160575","article-title":"Dichotomous dopaminergic control of striatal synaptic plasticity","volume":"321","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.07.033","article-title":"Probabilistic reversal learning is impaired in Parkinson's disease","volume":"163","author":"Peterson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.05.016","article-title":"Discrimination learning, reversal, and set-shifting in first-episode schizophrenia: stability over six years and specific associations with medication type and disorganization syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Leeson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn078","article-title":"Reinforcement and reversal learning in first-episode psychosis","volume":"34","author":"Murray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1471","article-title":"Dopaminergic modulation of limbic and cortical drive of nucleus accumbens in goal-directed behavior","volume":"8","author":"Goto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/380069a0","article-title":"Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts","volume":"380","author":"Dias","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj120","article-title":"Cognitive inflexibility after prefrontal serotonin depletion is behaviorally and neurochemically specific","volume":"17","author":"Clarke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10972","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1521-08.2008","article-title":"Lesions of the medial striatum in monkeys produce perseverative impairments during reversal learning similar to those produced by lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex","volume":"28","author":"Clarke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5206-08.2009","article-title":"Dynamic encoding of action selection by the medial striatum","volume":"29","author":"Kimchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl057","article-title":"Dopamine and noradrenaline efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex during serial reversals and extinction of instrumental goal-directed behavior","volume":"17","author":"van der Meulen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5195-08.2009","article-title":"Dopamine DRD2 polymorphism alters reversal learning and associated neural activity","volume":"29","author":"Jocham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05947.x","article-title":"Dopamine gene predicts the brain's response to dopaminergic drug","volume":"12","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301153","article-title":"l-DOPA disrupts activity in the nucleus accumbens during reversal learning in Parkinson's disease","volume":"32","author":"Cools","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4690","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3266-08.2009","article-title":"Dopamine release in dissociable striatal subregions predicts the different effects of oral methylphenidate on reversal learning and spatial working memory","volume":"29","author":"Clatworthy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5976","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1153-08.2008","article-title":"Methylphenidate has differential effects on blood oxygenation level-dependent signal related to cognitive subprocesses of reversal learning","volume":"28","author":"Dodds","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn136","article-title":"Differential contributions of dopamine and serotonin to orbitofrontal cortex function in the marmoset","volume":"19","author":"Walker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.121.4.698","article-title":"The effect of rat anterior cingulate inactivation on cognitive flexibility","volume":"121","author":"Ragozzino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj116","article-title":"Fractionating attentional control using event-related fMRI","volume":"16","author":"Hampshire","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl073","article-title":"Thalamic-prefrontal cortical-ventral striatal circuitry mediates dissociable components of strategy set shifting","volume":"17","author":"Block","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709","article-title":"An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance","volume":"28","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.510","article-title":"Decision making, the P3, and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system","volume":"131","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.09.031","article-title":"Noradrenergic modulation of cognitive function in rat medial prefrontal cortex as measured by attentional set shifting capability","volume":"137","author":"Lapiz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301235","article-title":"Chronic treatment with desipramine improves cognitive performance of rats in an attentional set-shifting test","volume":"32","author":"Lapiz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3719","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05612.x","article-title":"Lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle impair attentional set-shifting in the rat","volume":"25","author":"Tait","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.01.064","article-title":"Noradrenergic, but not cholinergic, deafferentation of prefrontal cortex impairs attentional set-shifting","volume":"153","author":"McGaughy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1097-8","article-title":"Atomoxetine reverses attentional deficits produced by noradrenergic deafferentation of medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"200","author":"Newman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.01.002","article-title":"Switching between abstract rules reflects disease severity but not dopaminergic status in Parkinson's disease","volume":"47","author":"Kehagia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm277","article-title":"Neural correlates of cognitive inflexibility during task-switching in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"131","author":"Gu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5135","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2828-08.2009","article-title":"Two mechanisms for task switching in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"29","author":"Hyafil","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.11.031","article-title":"Decoding sequential stages of task preparation in the human brain","volume":"45","author":"Bode","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20077","article-title":"Basal ganglia play a unique role in task switching within the frontal-subcortical circuits: evidence from patients with focal lesions","volume":"20","author":"Yehene","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13592","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805423105","article-title":"Neural predictors of moment-to-moment fluctuations in cognitive flexibility","volume":"105","author":"Leber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300930","article-title":"Effects of the NMDA antagonist ketamine on task-switching performance: evidence for specific impairments of executive control","volume":"31","author":"Stoet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.117.4.728","article-title":"Glutamate receptors in the rat medial prefrontal cortex regulate set-shifting ability","volume":"117","author":"Stefani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.00534.x","article-title":"Effects of caffeine on anticipatory control processes: evidence from a cued task-switch paradigm","volume":"44","author":"Tieges","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.12.2503","article-title":"Mechanisms of cognitive set flexibility in Parkinson's disease","volume":"124","author":"Cools","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-1899-2","article-title":"Impaired set-shifting and dissociable effects on tests of spatial working memory following the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride in human volunteers","volume":"176","author":"Mehta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007_bib56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164908","article-title":"Modafinil shifts human locus coeruleus to low-tonic, high-phasic activity during functional MRI","volume":"322","author":"Minzenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0959438810000085?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0959438810000085?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T12:29:24Z","timestamp":1760704164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959438810000085"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0959438810000085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-4388"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-4388","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Learning and cognitive flexibility: frontostriatal function and monoaminergic modulation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2010.01.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}