{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:33:12Z","timestamp":1791264792929,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004484","name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1403-3-288-72825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1403-3-288-72825"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T16:06:36Z","timestamp":1754582796000},"page":"101534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and fluency shaping techniques on enhancing speech fluency in adults who stutter: Protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Kowsar","family":"Esfandeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Reza","family":"Khatoonabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2207-5965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Nitsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2911-7005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbas","family":"Ebadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib1","series-title":"Stuttering: an Intergrated Approach to its Nature and Treatment","author":"Guitar","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.11.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances","volume":"38","author":"Yairi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Fluen. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2010.05.010","article-title":"Assessing quality of life in stuttering treatment outcomes research","volume":"35","author":"Yaruss","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Fluen. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.662016","article-title":"Speech fluency improvement in developmental stuttering using non-invasive brain stimulation: insights from available evidence","volume":"15","author":"Busan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"Spring","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib5","first-page":"61","article-title":"Effectiveness of behavioral stuttering treatment: a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Herder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Contemporary Issues Commun. Sci. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2006\/031)","article-title":"Stuttering treatment research 1970-2005: I. Systematic review incorporating trial quality assessment of behavioral, cognitive, and related approaches","volume":"15","author":"Bothe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech Lang. Pathol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1265760","article-title":"Stuttering treatment for adults: an update on contemporary approaches","volume":"31","author":"Blomgren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Speech Lang."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2003.07.003","article-title":"The nature and treatment of stuttering as revealed by fMRI A within- and between-group comparison","volume":"28","author":"Neumann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Fluen. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2013.10.007","article-title":"Regional brain activity change predicts responsiveness to treatment for stuttering in adults","volume":"127","author":"Ingham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp185","article-title":"How the brain repairs stuttering","volume":"132","author":"Kell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2004.12.002","article-title":"Cortical plasticity associated with stuttering therapy","volume":"30","author":"Neumann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Fluen. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2006.04.002","article-title":"Speech motor correlates of treatment-related changes in stuttering severity and speech naturalness","volume":"40","author":"Tasko","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2003.07.002","article-title":"A positron emission tomography study of short- and long-term treatment effects on functional brain activation in adults who stutter","volume":"28","author":"De Nil","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Fluen. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2007.04.005","article-title":"Severity of dysfluency correlates with basal ganglia activity in persistent developmental stuttering","volume":"104","author":"Giraud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118736","article-title":"Fluency shaping increases integration of the command-to-execution and the auditory-to-motor pathways in persistent developmental stuttering","volume":"245","author":"Korzeczek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3357","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25853","article-title":"White matter tract strength correlates with therapy outcome in persistent developmental stuttering","volume":"43","author":"Neef","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00641","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): a beginner's guide for design and implementation","volume":"11","author":"Thair","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049916","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans","volume":"553","author":"Nitsche","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00235-9","article-title":"Safety criteria for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in humans","volume":"114","author":"Nitsche","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00412-1","article-title":"Level of action of cathodal DC polarisation induced inhibition of the human motor cortex","volume":"114","author":"Nitsche","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321662994","article-title":"Facilitation of implicit motor learning by weak transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex in the human","volume":"15","author":"Nitsche","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy011","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation over left inferior frontal cortex improves speech fluency in adults who stutter","volume":"141","author":"Chesters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2016.10.003","article-title":"Investigating the feasibility of using transcranial direct current stimulation to enhance fluency in people who stutter","volume":"164","author":"Chesters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00411","article-title":"Stuttering severity modulates effects of non-invasive brain stimulation in adults who stutter","volume":"13","author":"Garnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2022.101064","article-title":"The effects of single-session cathodal and bihemispheric tDCS on fluency in stuttering","volume":"63","author":"Karsan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurolinguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib26","article-title":"Investigation of the effect of delayed auditory feedback and transcranial direct current stimulation (DAF-tDCS) treatment for the enhancement of speech fluency in adults who stutter: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"72","author":"Moein","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fluen. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12796","article-title":"Online cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation to the right homologue of Broca's area improves speech fluency in people who stutter","volume":"73","author":"Yada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20140","article-title":"Stuttered and fluent speech production: an ALE meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies","volume":"25","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/10349121003751099","article-title":"Blocks and repetitions in stuttering and its treatment","volume":"57","author":"Cardell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Disabil. Dev. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib30","series-title":"Inhibition of Stuttering from Second Speech Signals: an Evaluation of Temporal and Hierarchical Aspects","author":"Hudock","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2010.04.003","article-title":"Relationships among linguistic processing speed, phonological working memory, and attention in children who stutter","volume":"35","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Fluen. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib32","series-title":"A Handbook on Stuttering","author":"Bloodstein","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2009.12.001","article-title":"Increasing phonological complexity reveals heightened instability in inter-articulatory coordination in adults who stutter","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Fluen. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/TLD.0000000000000272","article-title":"Understanding the speaker's experience of stuttering can improve stuttering therapy","volume":"42","author":"Tichenor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Top. Lang. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib35","article-title":"Adults who stutter do not stutter during private speech","volume":"70","author":"Jackson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fluen. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23487","article-title":"Reduced perfusion in Broca's area in developmental stuttering","volume":"38","author":"Desai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10142-9","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation for post-stroke dysphagia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"268","author":"Marchina","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1098831","article-title":"Dosage consideration for transcranial direct current stimulation in post-stroke dysphagia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00232","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials","volume":"152","author":"Schulz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583","article-title":"SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials","volume":"158","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(58)90053-1","article-title":"Report of the committee on methods of clinical examination in electroencephalography","volume":"10","author":"Cobb","year":"1958","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2004\/080)","article-title":"Measurement of stuttering in adults: Comparison of stuttering-rate and severity-scaling methods","volume":"47","author":"O'Brian","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib43","series-title":"Stuttering Severity Instrument for Children and Adults","author":"Riley","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib44","series-title":"Stuttering and its Treatment: Twelve Lectures,Australian Stuttering Research Centre","author":"Onslow","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2006.02.002","article-title":"Overall assessment of the Speaker's experience of stuttering (OASES): documenting multiple outcomes in stuttering treatment","volume":"31","author":"Yaruss","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Fluen. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4901.53","article-title":"Stuttering and speech naturalness","volume":"49","author":"Martin","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G\u2217Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"}],"container-title":["Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2451865425001085?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2451865425001085?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T19:37:06Z","timestamp":1772912226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2451865425001085"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S2451865425001085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534","relation":{},"ISSN":["2451-8654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2451-8654","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and fluency shaping techniques on enhancing speech fluency in adults who stutter: Protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conctc.2025.101534","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101534"}}