{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T21:45:08Z","timestamp":1788385508102,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","bmn.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,19]],"date-time":"2015-10-19T20:41:38Z","timestamp":1445287298000},"page":"33-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Disruption of immune cell function by mutant huntingtin in Huntington's disease pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ralph","family":"Andre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Carty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J","family":"Tabrizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70245-3","article-title":"Huntington's disease: from molecular pathogenesis to clinical treatment","volume":"10","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90585-E","article-title":"A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes","volume":"72","author":"The Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12233","article-title":"Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases--an update","volume":"142","author":"Amor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/60.2.161","article-title":"Early and progressive accumulation of reactive microglia in the Huntington disease brain","volume":"60","author":"Sapp","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000222734.56412.17","article-title":"Microglial activation correlates with severity in Huntington disease: a clinical and PET study","volume":"66","author":"Pavese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20526","article-title":"Ferritin accumulation in dystrophic microglia is an early event in the development of Huntington's disease","volume":"55","author":"Simmons","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.09.003","article-title":"Age-dependent neurovascular abnormalities and altered microglial morphology in the YAC128 mouse model of Huntington disease","volume":"45","author":"Franciosi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm044","article-title":"Microglial activation in presymptomatic Huntington's disease gene carriers","volume":"130","author":"Tai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.02.015","article-title":"Activated microglia proliferate at neurites of mutant huntingtin-expressing neurons","volume":"33","author":"Kraft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70088-7","article-title":"Predictors of phenotypic progression and disease onset in premanifest and early-stage Huntington's disease in the TRACK-HD study: analysis of 36-month observational data","volume":"12","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21008","article-title":"Microglial activation in regions related to cognitive function predicts disease onset in Huntington's disease: a multimodal imaging study","volume":"32","author":"Politis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080178","article-title":"A novel pathogenic pathway of immune activation detectable before clinical onset in Huntington's disease","volume":"205","author":"Bjorkqvist","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64484","article-title":"Mutant huntingtin impairs immune cell migration in Huntington disease","volume":"122","author":"Kwan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_sbref0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3668","article-title":"Mutant Huntingtin promotes autonomous microglia activation via myeloid lineage-determining factors","volume":"17","author":"Crotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1021\/pr0700753","article-title":"Proteomic profiling of plasma in Huntington's disease reveals neuroinflammatory activation and biomarker candidates","volume":"6","author":"Dalrymple","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RRN1231","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.RRN1231","article-title":"Abnormal peripheral chemokine profile in Huntington's disease","volume":"3","author":"Wild","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Curr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.09.011","article-title":"Plasma inflammatory biomarkers for Huntington's disease patients and mouse model","volume":"44","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1159\/000245156","article-title":"Peripheral cytokines and chemokines in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0100","first-page":"436813","article-title":"Parkinson's disease and systemic inflammation","volume":"2011","author":"Ferrari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02560.x","article-title":"Increased levels of inflammatory chemokines in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Kuhle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000188907.97339.76","article-title":"Elevated IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels in patients with ALS: inflammation or hypoxia?","volume":"65","author":"Moreau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_sbref0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt355","article-title":"HTT-lowering reverses Huntington's disease immune dysfunction caused by NF\u03baB pathway dysregulation","volume":"137","author":"Tr\u00e4ger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0120","first-page":"388","article-title":"Characterisation of immune cell function in fragment and full-length Huntington's disease mouse models","volume":"73C","author":"Tr\u00e4ger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_sbref0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24406","article-title":"Cerebrovascular and blood\u2013brain barrier impairments in Huntington's disease: Potential implications for its pathophysiology","volume":"78","author":"Drouin-Ouellet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10357","article-title":"The ageing systemic milieu negatively regulates neurogenesis and cognitive function","volume":"477","author":"Villeda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70178-4","article-title":"Beyond the brain: widespread pathology in Huntington's disease","volume":"8","author":"van der Burg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64565","article-title":"Mutant huntingtin fragmentation in immune cells tracks Huntington's disease progression","volume":"122","author":"Weiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7999","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2675-04.2004","article-title":"Activation of the IkappaB kinase complex and nuclear factor-kappaB contributes to mutant huntingtin neurotoxicity","volume":"24","author":"Khoshnan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_sbref0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt036","article-title":"A critical role of astrocyte-mediated nuclear factor-\u03baB-dependent inflammation in Huntington's disease","volume":"22","author":"Hsiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200909067","article-title":"IKK phosphorylates Huntingtin and targets it for degradation by the proteasome and lysosome","volume":"187","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4846-11.2012","article-title":"Bone marrow transplantation confers modest benefits in mouse models of Huntington's disease","volume":"32","author":"Kwan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18259","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4008-12.2012","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor 2 signaling in peripheral immune cells modulates disease onset and severity in mouse models of Huntington's disease","volume":"32","author":"Bouchard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3152","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp239","article-title":"Microglial CB2 cannabinoid receptors are neuroprotective in Huntington's disease excitotoxicity","volume":"132","author":"Palazuelos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20838","article-title":"Cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonists protect the striatum against malonate toxicity: relevance for Huntington's disease","volume":"57","author":"Sagredo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1542","article-title":"A genomic screen in yeast implicates kynurenine 3-monooxygenase as a therapeutic target for Huntington disease","volume":"37","author":"Giorgini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06675.x","article-title":"Dysfunctional kynurenine pathway metabolism in the R6\/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease","volume":"113","author":"Sathyasaikumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.05.020","article-title":"Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase inhibition in blood ameliorates neurodegeneration","volume":"145","author":"Zwilling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1104318","article-title":"Placebo-controlled trial of oral laquinimod for multiple sclerosis","volume":"366","author":"Comi","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-012-1009-1","article-title":"Reduced astrocytic NF-\u03baB activation by laquinimod protects from cuprizone-induced demyelination","volume":"124","author":"Br\u00fcck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.05.011","article-title":"Kinetics of proinflammatory monocytes in a model of multiple sclerosis and its perturbation by laquinimod","volume":"181","author":"Mishra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33797","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033797","article-title":"Laquinimod, a quinoline-3-carboxamide, induces type II myeloid cells that modulate central nervous system autoimmunity","volume":"7","author":"Schulze-Topphoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471489215001101?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471489215001101?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T21:50:22Z","timestamp":1718142622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1471489215001101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S1471489215001101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4892"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4892","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Disruption of immune cell function by mutant huntingtin in Huntington's disease pathogenesis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coph.2015.09.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}