{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:25:10Z","timestamp":1793053510195,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmn.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T15:14:06Z","timestamp":1763651646000},"page":"102589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["From one-size-fits-all to phenotype-based pharmacotherapy: How far are we in obesity management?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5853-1352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theocharis","family":"Koufakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Busetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2022_581","article-title":"Epidemiology of obesity","volume":"274","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12551","article-title":"World Obesity Federation. Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation","volume":"18","author":"Bray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.22.1.355","article-title":"The public health impact of obesity","volume":"22","author":"Visscher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) grade-based framework on the pharmacological treatment of obesity: design and methodological aspects","author":"McGowan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib5","first-page":"5831","article-title":"Risks and limits of bariatric surgery: old solutions and a new potential option","volume":"27","author":"Gambioli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.12.022","article-title":"Effect of tirzepatide on blood pressure levels in overweight\/obese individuals without diabetes","volume":"121","author":"Patoulias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029617","article-title":"Cardiovascular and metabolic heterogeneity of obesity: clinical challenges and implications for management","volume":"137","author":"Neeland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2024.04.001","article-title":"Obesity\u2014Standards, trends and advances","volume":"69","author":"Go\u0142acki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-015-0184-5","article-title":"Hunger and satiety mechanisms and their potential exploitation in the regulation of food intake","volume":"5","author":"Amin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23120","article-title":"Selection of antiobesity medications based on phenotypes enhances weight loss: a pragmatic trial in an obesity clinic","volume":"29","author":"Acosta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.05.002","article-title":"Neuroendocrine gut-brain signaling in obesity","volume":"36","author":"Gruber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.140532","article-title":"Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist","volume":"5","author":"Willard","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0145","article-title":"Mechanisms of diabetes improvement following bariatric\/metabolic surgery","volume":"39","author":"Batterham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-017-0280-9","article-title":"Food for thought: reward mechanisms and hedonic overeating in obesity","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2015.06.008","article-title":"Putting the brakes on the \u201cdrive to eat\u201d: pilot effects of naltrexone and reward-based eating on food cravings among obese women","volume":"19","author":"Mason","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48267-2","article-title":"Semaglutide and tirzepatide reduce alcohol consumption in individuals with obesity","volume":"13","author":"Quddos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12783","article-title":"Compensation in response to energy deficits induced by exercise or diet","volume":"19","author":"Doucet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_sref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.03.011","article-title":"Tirzepatide did not impact metabolic adaptation in people with obesity, but increased fat oxidation","volume":"37","author":"Ravussin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2022.101550","article-title":"Tirzepatide induces a thermogenic-like amino acid signature in brown adipose tissue","volume":"64","author":"Samms","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15693","article-title":"Glucagon agonism in the treatment of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity","volume":"26","author":"Winther","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.01.027","article-title":"Bariatric surgery in the era of personalized medicine","volume":"144","author":"Butler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_sref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znae283","article-title":"International consensus position statement on the role of obesity management medications in the context of metabolic bariatric surgery: expert guideline by the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO)","volume":"111","author":"Cohen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-025-01961-w","article-title":"International expert consensus on surgery for type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"25","author":"Kermansaravi","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106443","article-title":"Toward a new model for the management of type 2 diabetes: the mountain is there and there is no other option than to climb it","volume":"184","author":"Koufakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-024-01526-2","article-title":"Effect of combined GLP-1 analogue and bupropion\/naltrexone on weight loss: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Naude","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02029-0","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy as an augmentation to bariatric surgery for obesity","volume":"84","author":"Horv\u00e1th","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0034","article-title":"Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"45","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_sref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307563","article-title":"Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes","volume":"389","author":"Lincoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_sref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2404881","article-title":"Tirzepatide for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity","volume":"391","author":"Malhotra","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_sref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E797","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.250502","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for obesity management in adults: 2025 clinical practice guideline update","volume":"197","author":"Pedersen","year":"2025","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13030701","article-title":"Obesity, but not overweight, is associated with increased presepsin levels in infection-free individuals: an exploratory study","volume":"13","author":"Koufakis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.19897","article-title":"Obesity management in adults: a review","volume":"330","author":"Elmaleh-Sachs","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-01008-5","article-title":"Metabolically healthy obesity: from epidemiology and mechanisms to clinical implications","volume":"20","author":"Schulze","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101923","article-title":"Phenotype tailored lifestyle intervention on weight loss and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with obesity: a single-centre, non-randomised, proof-of-concept study","volume":"58","author":"Cifuentes","year":"2023","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-024-01599-z","article-title":"Precision medicine for obesity: current evidence and insights for personalization of obesity pharmacotherapy","volume":"49","author":"Anazco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13071164","article-title":"The first exploratory personalized medicine approach to improve bariatric surgery outcomes utilizing psychosocial and genetic risk assessments: encouraging clinical research","volume":"13","author":"Thanos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Personalized Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00635-0","article-title":"An integrated model of obesity pathogenesis that revisits causal direction","volume":"18","author":"Ludwig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/66887","article-title":"The role of mobile apps in obesity management: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Pujia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471489225000852?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471489225000852?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T17:02:16Z","timestamp":1773334936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1471489225000852"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S1471489225000852"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4892"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4892","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"From one-size-fits-all to phenotype-based pharmacotherapy: How far are we in obesity management?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coph.2025.102589","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102589"}}