{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:48:27Z","timestamp":1793832507610,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T16:48:09Z","timestamp":1777308489000},"page":"102632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Riluzole in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration: Mechanistic insights and experimental validation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3093-8572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Abd-Eldayem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renad A.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1054006","article-title":"New developments and opportunities in drugs being trialed for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from 2020 to 2022","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cph4.70009","article-title":"Synergistic effects of Riluzole and sodium butyrate on barrier function and disease progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis through the gut-neuron axis","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2022.109349","article-title":"Riluzole and novel naphthalenyl substituted aminothiazole derivatives prevent acute neural excitotoxic injury in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"224","author":"Kyllo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-025-02907-6","article-title":"The neuroprotective role of Riluzole in spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Zarei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(85)90196-0","article-title":"2-Amino-6-trifluoromethoxy benzothiazole, a possible antagonist of excitatory amino acid neurotransmission--II. Biochemical properties","volume":"24","author":"Benavides","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(92)90597-Z","article-title":"Riluzole inhibits the release of glutamate in the caudate nucleus of the cat in vivo","volume":"147","author":"Ch\u00e9ramy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_sref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.6_Suppl_4.233S","article-title":"The pharmacology and mechanism of action of Riluzole","volume":"47","author":"Doble","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2020-0033","article-title":"Riluzole for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Saitoh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_sref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199403033300901","article-title":"A controlled trial of Riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ALS\/Riluzole study group","volume":"330","author":"Bensimon","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CEMN.0000012717.37839.07","article-title":"Riluzole enhances glutamate uptake in Rat Astrocyte cultures","volume":"24","author":"Dos Santos Frizzo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-13-38","article-title":"Riluzole neuroprotection in a parkinson\u2019s disease model involves suppression of reactive astrocytosis but not GLT-1 regulation","volume":"13","author":"Carbone","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_sref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00242.x","article-title":"Riluzole inhibits the persistent sodium current in mammalian CNS neurons","volume":"12","author":"Urbani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-024-02980-7","article-title":"Persistent sodium currents in neurons: potential mechanisms and pharmacological blockers","volume":"476","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch - Eur J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102830","article-title":"Riluzole: a therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease by targeting the WNT\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"12","author":"Vall\u00e9e","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9872","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26209872","article-title":"Beyond antioxidants: the emerging role of Nrf2 activation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)","volume":"26","author":"Sharbafshaaer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135351","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of Riluzole and Curcumin in human astrocytes and spinal cord white matter hypoxia","volume":"738","author":"Daverey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib17","first-page":"3761","article-title":"Protective effects of Riluzole on retinal pigment epithelium under oxidative stress","volume":"66","author":"Abnous","year":"2025","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib18","first-page":"3244","article-title":"The anti-ALS drug Riluzole attenuates MCP-1 by high glucose, advanced glycation end product (AGE) or TNF-\u03b1 in cultured human retinal pericytes","volume":"54","author":"cho kyung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0614-0","article-title":"The antioxidant effects of Riluzole on the APRE-19 celll model injury-induced by t-BHP","volume":"17","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib20","article-title":"Cytokines and cytokine receptors as targets of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases\u2014Ra as a role model","volume":"42","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm Regen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2023.0524","article-title":"Brain-gut-microbiota axis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a historical overview and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Targeted Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.2c00261","article-title":"Riluzole-Rasagiline hybrids: toward the development of multi-target-directed ligands for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Albertini","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1466953","article-title":"Riluzole attenuates acute neural injury and reactive gliosis, hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairments and spontaneous recurrent generalized seizures in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"15","author":"Kyllo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_sref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0163","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of Riluzole in acute spinal cord injury Study (RISCIS): a multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial","volume":"40","author":"Fehlings","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7775","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20057775","article-title":"Riluzole as a neuroprotective drug for spinal cord injury: from bench to bedside","volume":"20","author":"Nagoshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11030579","article-title":"Combined treatment with Bojungikgi-Tang and Riluzole regulates muscle metabolism and dysfunction in the hSOD1G93A mouse model","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.1168","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and swallowing safety with Riluzole oral film","volume":"12","author":"Wymer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2004.02233.x","article-title":"Association between CYP1A2 activity and Riluzole clearance in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"59","author":"Van Kan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-025-00931-1","article-title":"A study on the pharmacokinetic bioequivalence of oral tablet formulations of Riluzole among healthy volunteers utilizing HPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib31","first-page":"23","article-title":"Long-term safety of Riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Lacomblez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.02.012","article-title":"Riluzole produces distinct anxiolytic-like effects in rats without the adverse effects associated with benzodiazepines","volume":"62","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1248\/yakushi.20-00015","article-title":"[Liver Injury Risk Factors in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients Treated with Riluzole]","volume":"140","author":"Kawano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yakugaku Zasshi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1299-1","article-title":"Interstitial pneumonia and other adverse events in Riluzole-administered amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: a retrospective observational study","volume":"19","author":"Inoue-Shibui","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2023.2223949","article-title":"Real-world safety profile of Riluzole: a systematic analysis of data from the FAERS database and case reports","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00469","article-title":"Chronic glutamate toxicity in neurodegenerative diseases-what is the evidence?","volume":"9","author":"Lewerenz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_sref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2009.00116.x","article-title":"A review of the neural mechanisms of action and clinical efficiency of Riluzole in treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: what have we learned in the last decade?","volume":"17","author":"Bellingham","year":"2011","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.12.086","article-title":"Activation of glutamate transporters in the locus coeruleus paradoxically activates descending inhibition in rats","volume":"1317C","author":"Hayashida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.244","article-title":"Riluzole impairs cocaine reinstatement and restores adaptations in intrinsic excitability and GLT-1 expression","volume":"43","author":"Sepulveda-Orengo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118817166","article-title":"Riluzole for treatment of men with methamphetamine dependence: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"Farahzadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00482.2009","article-title":"Early excitability changes in lumbar motoneurons of transgenic SOD1 G85R and SOD1G93A-Low mice","volume":"102","author":"Pambo-Pambo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26444-y","article-title":"Non-blocking modulation contributes to sodium channel inhibition by a covalently attached photoreactive Riluzole analog","volume":"8","author":"Lukacs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15365","article-title":"The mechanism of non-blocking inhibition of sodium channels revealed by conformation-selective photolabeling","volume":"178","author":"F\u00f6ldi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1005112","article-title":"Breakdown of the central synapses in C9orf72-linked ALS\/FTD","volume":"15","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_sref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52539-4","article-title":"Structural basis for the rescue of hyperexcitable cells by the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis drug Riluzole","volume":"15","author":"Hollingworth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2017_46","article-title":"Effects of benzothiazolamines on voltage-gated sodium channels","volume":"246","author":"Farinato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6008","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20236008","article-title":"Cytokines in inflammatory disease","volume":"20","author":"Kany","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_sref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2025.1575022","article-title":"Neuroimmune crosstalk in chronic neuroinflammation: microglial interactions and immune modulation","volume":"19","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.1.FOCUS18596","article-title":"Efficacy of Riluzole in the treatment of spinal cord injury: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"46","author":"Srinivas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02309-6","article-title":"The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress","volume":"18","author":"Woodburn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_sref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2459-6","article-title":"Mechanism of neuroprotection against experimental spinal cord injury by Riluzole or methylprednisolone","volume":"44","author":"S\u00e1mano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dscb.2022.100052","article-title":"The effect of Riluzole on neurological outcomes, blood-brain barrier, brain water and neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury","volume":"8","author":"nikbakht","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2019.17.3.438","article-title":"Riluzole selective antioxidant effects in cell models expressing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis endophenotypes","volume":"17","author":"Sala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/534705","article-title":"Riluzole-triggered GSH synthesis via activation of glutamate transporters to antagonize methylmercury-induced oxidative stress in rat cerebral cortex","volume":"2012","author":"Deng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12694","article-title":"A phase II trial of Riluzole, an antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (GRM1) signaling, in patients with advanced melanoma","volume":"31","author":"Mehnert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508819","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1508819","article-title":"Repurposing riluzole as an anti-osteosarcoma agent","volume":"15","author":"Jung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01339-z","article-title":"BDNF augmentation using Riluzole reverses doxorubicin-induced decline in cognitive function and neurogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Usmani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-024-01906-9","article-title":"BDNF augmentation reverses cranial radiation therapy-induced cognitive decline and neurodegenerative consequences","volume":"12","author":"El-Khatib","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6557","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1536-12.2013","article-title":"The neuroprotective drug Riluzole acts via small conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ channels to ameliorate defects in spinal muscular atrophy models","volume":"33","author":"Dimitriadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19716","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b01776","article-title":"Enhancement in the neuroprotective power of Riluzole against cerebral ischemia using a brain targeted drug delivery vehicle","volume":"8","author":"Verma","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02176-0","article-title":"Riluzole (2-amino-6-trifluoromethoxy benzothiazole) attenuates MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) neurotoxicity in mice","volume":"312","author":"Araki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2622","article-title":"Delayed post-injury administration of Riluzole is neuroprotective in a preclinical rodent model of cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)64505-9","article-title":"Riluzole and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [10]","volume":"348","author":"Guiloff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_sref64","article-title":"Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)\/motor neuron disease (MND)","volume":"2012","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2025.2472889","article-title":"Real-world prognostic role of Riluzole use in ALS: a multi-center study from PRECISION-ALS","volume":"26","author":"Vasta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Front Degener"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2020.1771734","article-title":"Real-world evidence of Riluzole effectiveness in treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Andrews","year":"2020","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Front Degener"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3742","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab222","article-title":"Riluzole, a glutamate modulator, slows cerebral glucose metabolism decline in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"144","author":"Matthews","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.04.051","article-title":"Riluzole restores memory and brain energy metabolism in A\u03b2PP-PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"610","author":"Saba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4155\/ppa-2023-0001","article-title":"Riluzole and its prodrugs for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Al-Horani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm Pat Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.06.005","article-title":"The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist MPEP and the mGluR2 agonist LY379268 modify disease progression in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"1019","author":"Schiefer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-007-0615-y","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of Riluzole in Huntington\u2019s disease [3]","volume":"35","author":"Squitieri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8363","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168363","article-title":"New avenues for the treatment of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682231159068","article-title":"Riluzole is effective on spinal decompression for treating acute spinal injury when compared with methylprednisolone and the combination of two drugs: in vivo rat model","volume":"14","author":"Onder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2023.0114","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of Riluzole in traumatic Spinal Cord injury: a systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"5","author":"Weisbrod","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14686","article-title":"Riluzole promotes neurological function recovery and inhibits damage extension in rats following spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"150","author":"yun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466953","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1466953","article-title":"Corrigendum: Riluzole attenuates acute neural injury and reactive gliosis, hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairments and spontaneous recurrent generalized seizures in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"15","author":"Kyllo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dscb.2022.100052","article-title":"The effect of Riluzole on neurological outcomes, blood-brain barrier, brain water and neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury","volume":"8","author":"nikbakht","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.168","article-title":"Drug repurposing: progress, challenges and recommendations","volume":"18","author":"Pushpakom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.10.015","article-title":"Riluzole-induced block of voltage-gated Na+ current and activation of BKCa channels in cultured differentiated human skeletal muscle cells","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_sref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710791163939","article-title":"Riluzole, neuroprotection and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Cheah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2017.1413446","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of Riluzole for neurodegenerative movement disorders: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Deliv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2019.05.008","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease drug development pipeline: 2019","volume":"5","author":"Cummings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement Transl Res Clin Interv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2023.09.025","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of edaravone oral suspension in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Shimizu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-020-00316-1","article-title":"Fingolimod as a treatment in neurologic disorders beyond multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Bascu\u00f1ana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs R&D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib85","article-title":"A new potential therapeutic approach for ALS: a case report with NGS analysis","volume":"103","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib86","article-title":"Identifying synergistic combinations of repurposed treatments for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Ballard","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-009-1103-3","article-title":"Riluzole protects Huntington disease patients from brain glucose hypometabolism and grey matter volume loss and increases production of neurotrophins","volume":"36","author":"Squitieri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib88","first-page":"1565","article-title":"Exploring the potential of Riluzole in stimulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor release from human platelets: implications for depression treatment","volume":"13","author":"Praveen Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Chem Heal Risks"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10900","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252010900","article-title":"A review of biomarkers of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pathophysiologic approach","volume":"25","author":"Alshehri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2016.11.021","article-title":"MRS studies of neuroenergetics and glutamate\/glutamine exchange in rats: extensions to hyperammonemic models","volume":"529","author":"Lanz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5587","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115587","article-title":"Revisiting glutamate excitotoxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and age-related neurodegeneration","volume":"25","author":"Arnold","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5240","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115240","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment strategies (part 2)","volume":"26","author":"Tolochko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib93","article-title":"Development of long-acting Riluzole transdermal patch against amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: mechanistic insights into polyglyceryl-3 dioleate-enhanced drug release and skin permeation","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Pharm X"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.12.067","article-title":"Riluzole ameliorates learning and memory deficits in A\u03b225-35-induced rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and is independent of cholinoceptor activation","volume":"87","author":"Mokhtari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21181","article-title":"Riluzole in Huntington\u2019s disease: a 3-year, randomized controlled study","volume":"62","author":"Landwehrmeyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150170071","article-title":"Riluzole in Huntington\u2019s disease (HD): an open label study with one year follow up","volume":"248","author":"Seppi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30054-1","article-title":"Stage at which Riluzole treatment prolongs survival in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a retrospective analysis of data from a dose-ranging study","volume":"17","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib98","first-page":"10","article-title":"Administration of Riluzole oral suspension during the different stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Povedano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcab242","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab242","article-title":"Clinical trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and perspective","volume":"3","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Commun"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471489226000287?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471489226000287?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:10:03Z","timestamp":1780315803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1471489226000287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":99,"alternative-id":["S1471489226000287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4892"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4892","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Riluzole in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration: Mechanistic insights and experimental validation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coph.2026.102632","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102632"}}