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Conducted at 11 U.S. sites, 104 participants aged 21\u201365 years with moderate to severe MDD were randomized to receive either psilocybin or an active placebo (niacin). Psilocybin treatment resulted in significantly greater reductions in depressive symptoms compared to the active placebo, with clinically meaningful improvements observed by the first follow-up and sustained over six weeks. While psilocybin was associated with a higher rate of mild to moderate adverse events, no serious adverse events occurred. These results demonstrate psilocybin's potential efficacy for MDD when compared to an active control."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.101992_bib58","unstructured":"This study introduced and validated a multidimensional measure of connectedness to self, others, and the world, with data from three independent studies. In a large observational survey (N\u00a0=\u00a01226), exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a three-factor structure of connectedness with high internal consistency. The scale demonstrated good construct validity and was sensitive to changes post-psychedelic use, showing significant increases across all dimensions of connectedness. In a randomized controlled trial comparing psilocybin-assisted therapy with escitalopram for major depressive disorder, psilocybin led to significantly greater increases in connectedness scores."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.101992_bib59","unstructured":"This study explored how mental and physical similarity between humans and animal species predict engagement with these species, measured as self-other overlap, moral concern, and conservation support. Across three studies\u2014a survey of 34 species, a more focused survey on six species, and an experiment with manipulated similarity\u2014the authors consistently found that perceived mental similarity was a stronger predictor of all outcomes compared to physical similarity. Mental similarity significantly influenced both self-other overlap and moral concern, and these factors mediated the relationship between similarity and conservation support. Although physical similarity had smaller effects, it predicted self-other overlap and moral concern but not conservation support. These findings highlight the importance of perceived cognitive and affective capacities of species in fostering moral concern and conservation efforts."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.101992_bib60","unstructured":"This placebo-controlled, double-blind, within-subject crossover study investigated the effects of psilocybin on self-other processing during a verbal self-monitoring task, using EEG to examine neural mechanisms. Psilocybin reduced the distinction between self- and other-related neural activity during the P300 timeframe (452\u2013520\u00a0ms), primarily through modulations in the anterior cingulate and insular cortex. Behaviorally, psilocybin decreased task accuracy in self-voice recognition compared to placebo. The neural changes correlated with psilocybin-induced subjective experiences of unity and altered meaning attribution, providing evidence for the role of serotonergic mechanisms in self-other overlap. These findings elucidate how psilocybin disrupts ordinary self-referential processing at both behavioral and neural levels."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.101992_bib61","unstructured":"This study examined the relationship between the use of different psychedelic substances and self-reported nature relatedness, focusing on distinctions between substances. The authors reanalyzed data from five independent samples (N\u00a0=\u00a03817). Among participants experienced with psychedelics, only past use of psilocybin consistently and reliably predicted NR and its subdimensions. Results were replicated when analyzing the full sample, including participants without psychedelic experience. Weaker and less consistent associations were found for substances like LSD and DMT. Importantly, the analyses controlled for demographic factors, sample characteristics, and intercorrelations among substance use indicators, confirming that psilocybin's predictive power was not confounded by other variables. Additional analyses showed that psilocybin's association with NR was robust even among participants who had used only psilocybin and not other psychedelics. The study also explored whether access to natural settings or motivations to connect with nature influenced outcomes, finding no significant differences across substances in these factors. These findings suggest that psilocybin has a unique influence on individuals' connection to nature, which may stem from either its pharmacological effects or contextual factors associated with its use."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.101992_bib62","unstructured":"This study explored the relationship between lifetime experience with classic psychedelic substances and engagement in pro-environmental behavior, hypothesizing that the connection is mediated by an increased sense of nature relatedness. Using structural equation modeling on retrospective data from 1487 participants in an online survey, the authors found that individuals with more experience with psychedelics reported greater identification with nature (NR-Self) and enjoyment of natural settings, as well as higher engagement in ecological behaviors. This effect was specific to classic psychedelics and not observed for other psychoactive substances, even when controlling for personality traits such as openness and conscientiousness. The findings suggest that psychedelics may uniquely influence individuals' self-construal to include nature, which subsequently fosters behaviors that benefit the environment."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.101992_bib63","unstructured":"This study investigated the relationship between lifetime psychedelic use and pro-environmental outcomes, focusing on nature relatedness, climate change knowledge, and concern about climate change. Using data from an international convenience sample of 641 participants, the authors assessed lifetime use of 30 psychoactive substances, alongside measures of nature relatedness, objective knowledge about climate change, and affective concern for its consequences. Regression and structural equation modeling revealed that lifetime use of psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, significantly predicted greater nature relatedness. Nature relatedness, in turn, mediated the association between psilocybin use and increased climate change knowledge, as well as heightened concern about its consequences."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.101992_bib64","unstructured":"This study examined the psychological effects of psychedelic substance use in naturalistic settings, focusing on transformative experiences, social connectedness, and positive mood. Data were collected from over 1200 participants at multiday mass gatherings in the United States and the United Kingdom. Participants reported their substance use, transformative experiences, feelings of social connectedness, and mood states. Structural equation modeling revealed that recent use of psychedelic substances was associated with increased positive mood, mediated sequentially by self-reported transformative experiences and enhanced social connectedness. These effects were most pronounced among individuals who had consumed psychedelics within the past 24\u00a0h, suggesting acute and postacute psychological benefits. Importantly, these findings persisted after controlling for demographic factors and the use of other psychoactive substances. The results provide robust evidence for the mood-enhancing and socially integrative effects of psychedelics in naturalistic settings, complementing laboratory-based studies by emphasizing the role of context in shaping these outcomes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.101992_bib65","unstructured":"This study investigated the role of \u201ccommunitas,\u201d an intense sense of togetherness and shared humanity, during psychedelic group sessions in predicting long-term psychological and social outcomes. Using a large sample of 886 participants, data were collected at five time points, from two weeks before to four weeks after participating in psychedelic ceremonies. The authors introduced and validated the Communitas Scale, designed to measure intersubjective experiences in such settings. Path analyses revealed that communitas experienced during ceremonies predicted increases in psychological well-being and social connectedness four weeks later. These effects were mediated by broader communitas experienced throughout the retreat, which was itself influenced by self-disclosure and emotional support during the sessions. The\u00a0study highlights the critical role of social and relational contexts in enhancing the enduring benefits of psychedelic experiences."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.101992_bib66","unstructured":"This review explored the acute subjective effects of psychedelics, emphasizing their critical role in therapeutic benefits beyond mystical experiences. The authors highlighted specific subjective effects, such as emotional breakthroughs, connectedness, and challenging experiences, which are consistently linked to positive outcomes, including reduced depression and enhanced well-being. They argued that these subjective experiences are not merely incidental but may actively drive the enduring therapeutic effects of psychedelics. The review also identified limitations in existing measures of these effects, such as issues with construct validity and response biases, and advocated for more robust, data-driven psychometric tools. By addressing these gaps, the study underscored the centrality of subjective experiences in optimizing psychedelic-assisted therapies."}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352250X25000053?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352250X25000053?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T08:16:05Z","timestamp":1774512965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352250X25000053"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["S2352250X25000053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.101992","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-250X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-250X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Psychedelics and connectedness to natural and social worlds: An examination of the evidence and a proposed conceptual framework","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Psychology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.101992","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101992"}}