{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:29:37Z","timestamp":1792690177183,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T07:06:03Z","timestamp":1756451163000},"page":"102155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Adverse effects of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy: A neglected but urgent area of inquiry"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3757-510X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"van Schie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne C.","family":"van Veen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib1","series-title":"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: basic principles, protocols and procedures","author":"Shapiro","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(99)00017-3","article-title":"Science and pseudoscience in the development of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing implications for clinical psychology","volume":"20","author":"Herbert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(98)00049-8","article-title":"EMDR and mesmerism: a comparative historical analysis","volume":"13","author":"McNally","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1891\/EMDR-2021-0008","article-title":"What do we know about EMDR therapy research? A bibliometric analysis","volume":"16","author":"Bogolyubova","year":"2022","journal-title":"J EMDR Pract Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib5","series-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder: Recognition, assessment and treatment (NICE Guideline No. 116)","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib6","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Guidelines for the management of conditions specifically related to stress: mhGAP intervention guide module, n.d. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241505406."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib7","series-title":"APA clinical practice guideline for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.1765","article-title":"How to define, find and classify side effects in psychotherapy: from unwanted events to adverse treatment reactions","volume":"20","author":"Linden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2019.1703801","article-title":"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for mental health problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723003446","article-title":"EMDR v. other psychological therapies for PTSD: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Wright","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6376","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722003737","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of psychotherapies in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"53","author":"Yunitri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-14-151","volume":"14","author":"De Bont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2637","article-title":"Prolonged exposure vs eye movement desensitization and reprocessing vs waiting list for posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with a psychotic disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"72","author":"Van Den Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.167775","article-title":"Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy v. stabilisation as usual for refugees: randomised controlled trial","volume":"209","author":"Ter Heide","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.158","article-title":"Imagery rescripting and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing as treatment for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder from childhood trauma: randomised clinical trial","volume":"217","author":"Boterhoven De Haan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib16","first-page":"306","volume":"vol. 13","author":"Linden","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.163618","article-title":"Iatrogenic harm from psychological therapies \u2013 time to move on","volume":"208","author":"Parry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.656","article-title":"Do we know when our clients get worse? An investigation of therapists' ability to detect negative client change","volume":"17","author":"Hatfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066844","article-title":"The reporting bias group, systematic review of the empirical evidence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias \u2014 an updated review","volume":"8","author":"Dwan","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2024.2301972","article-title":"Negative effects in randomized controlled trials of psychotherapies and psychological interventions: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Honkalampi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychother Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1037\/pst0000359","article-title":"Defining and assessing adverse events and harmful effects in psychotherapy study protocols: a systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Klatte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2022.111","article-title":"Safety of psychological interventions for adult post-traumatic stress disorder: meta-analysis on the incidence and relative risk of deterioration, adverse events and serious adverse events","volume":"221","author":"Hoppen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015643","article-title":"Negative effects from psychological treatments: a perspective","volume":"65","author":"Barlow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881107086283","article-title":"Uncritical positive regard? Issues in the efficacy and safety of psychotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Nutt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-148-4-200802190-00008","article-title":"Extending the CONSORT statement to randomized trials of nonpharmacologic treatment: explanation and elaboration","volume":"148","author":"Boutron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/capr.12423","article-title":"Negative effects of psychotherapies: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Paveltchuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Counsell Psychother Res J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2023.2226813","article-title":"Negative experiences in psychotherapy from clients' perspective: a qualitative meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Vyb\u00edral","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychother Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.162628","article-title":"Patient experience of negative effects of psychological treatment: results of a national survey","volume":"208","author":"Crawford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2023.2286992","article-title":"Adverse events in psychotherapy randomized controlled trials: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Klatte","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychother Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1447","article-title":"Assessing the unwanted: a systematic review of instruments used to assess negative effects of psychotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Herzog","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1891\/EMDR-D-20-00039","article-title":"The current status of EMDR therapy, specific target areas, and goals for the future","volume":"14","author":"Matthijssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J EMDR Pract Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.644369","article-title":"EMDR as treatment option for conditions other than PTSD: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Scelles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2024.2341577","article-title":"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment in the medical setting: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Driessen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.01.005","article-title":"The effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing toward anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"123","author":"Yunitri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1894736","article-title":"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Carletto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-018-0212-1","article-title":"Comparing the effectiveness of EMDR and TF-CBT for children and adolescents: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Lewey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.70039","article-title":"EMDR interventions in refugees and asylum seekers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Antu\u00f1a-Camblor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1328310","article-title":"EMDR treatment for people with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review about difficulties and adaptations","volume":"14","author":"Schipper-Eindhoven","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2021.1966043","article-title":"Memory and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy: a potentially risky combination in the courtroom","volume":"29","author":"Otgaar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2021.103424","article-title":"The effectiveness of dual-task interventions for modulating emotional memories in the laboratory: a meta-analysis","volume":"220","author":"Mertens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.5127\/jep.028212","article-title":"How does EMDR work?","volume":"3","author":"van den Hout","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702618757658","article-title":"Lateral eye movements increase false memory rates","volume":"6","author":"Houben","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702619859335","article-title":"Lateral eye movements do not increase false-memory rates: a failed direct-replication study","volume":"7","author":"van Schie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-019-01641-6","article-title":"Do lateral eye movements increase susceptibility to misinformation? A registered replication","volume":"26","author":"Calvillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2021.101673","article-title":"Verbal suggestions fail to modulate expectations about the effectiveness of a laboratory model of EMDR therapy: results of two preregistered studies","volume":"73","author":"Mertens","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2024.2307925","article-title":"The effects of eye movements on the content and characteristics of unpleasant autobiographical memories: an extended replication study","volume":"32","author":"Meckling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-024-00312-1","article-title":"Stability and malleability of emotional autobiographical memories","volume":"3","author":"Wardell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib48","article-title":"How to measure negative effects of psychological interventions","volume":"65","author":"Rozental","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1159\/000540212","article-title":"Adverse events of psychological interventions: definitions, assessment, current state of the research and implications for research and clinical practice","volume":"93","author":"Klein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib50","unstructured":"This meta-analysis breaks new ground by analyzing individual participant-level data to explore which factors influence how adults with PTSD respond to EMDR treatment. Though there was no difference between EMDR and other treatments for PTSD, this meta-analysis did show relevant moderation effects (e.g., males were more likely to drop out during EMDR treatment; unemployed individuals show lower treatment response and higher PTSD symptoms post-treatment). While treatment response and drop-out are not equivalent to adverse effects, they can reflect or result from them."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib51","unstructured":"This systematic review examines adverse effects of psychotherapy across a range of psychological disorders. Out of the 1430 relevant publications that were found, only 30% mentioned negative outcomes, mainly treatment withdrawal. Just 57 studies actively monitored adverse effects, and only three small studies reported any. These findings highlight that the potential harms of psychotherapy are significantly underreported compared to its benefits."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib52","unstructured":"In this experimental study, the authors investigated whether making eye movements during the recall of aversive memories (in healthy participants) would affect central and peripheral memory details and characteristics. Across two experiments, they found that eye movements led to a reduction in memory vividness and\/or emotionality from pretest to posttest, but that these did not alter memory details. These findings suggest that core memory content remains stable, which may help alleviate concerns that eye movements in EMDR introduce distortions or inaccuracies, particularly in legal or forensic contexts."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib53","unstructured":"This review examines how and why emotional autobiographical memories persist and evolve over time, emphasizing their dual nature: both stable and malleable. The malleability of such memories is particularly relevant in applied settings like psychotherapy, where understanding how memories can change enables clinicians to help clients reframe or modify maladaptive aspects of their experiences. Greater insight into memory malleability can also aid in identifying memory biases and guiding intentional, therapeutic memory changes, while being mindful of the potential risks of unintentional distortion."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155_bib54","unstructured":"In this review, the authors examine how adverse effects of psychological interventions are defined, assessed, and currently studied. They argue that adverse effects should be a standard part of psychotherapy training and research. To improve the clinical management of adverse events, they emphasize the need for consistent assessment and reporting of adverse events, serious adverse effects, and dropouts in psychological intervention studies. If standardized across studies, such practices may reveal that psychological treatments differ more in terms of their adverse effects than in their overall effectiveness, much like psychotropic medications."}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352250X2500168X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352250X2500168X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T17:12:52Z","timestamp":1765386772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352250X2500168X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S2352250X2500168X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-250X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-250X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adverse effects of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy: A neglected but urgent area of inquiry","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Psychology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2025.102155","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102155"}}