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The paper provides the most direct empirical evidence to date that warnings change awareness more readily than behavior, and that friction-based interventions can shift reliance broadly without improving the discrimination of good from bad advice."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2026.102427_bib51","unstructured":"This paper introduces semantic entropy as a method for detecting hallucinations in LLMs without external knowledge bases, demonstrating that hallucinations cluster predictably at model knowledge boundaries rather than occurring uniformly, a finding that provides the empirical basis for anticipatory skepticism directed at specific content categories."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2026.102427_bib52","unstructured":"Drawing on interaction logs from 77 participants working with an LLM injected with plausible misinformation across three real-world tasks (quiz solving, article summarization, and trip planning), this study identifies five behavioral patterns that distinguish low- from high-overreliance users: low-overreliance users show careful task comprehension and fine-grained navigation, while high-overreliance users show frequent copy-paste of whole paragraphs, skipping initial comprehension, repeated LLM references, coarse locating, and accepting misinformation despite hesitation. The methodological contribution is to show that overreliance is observable in behavioral traces that post-hoc task outcomes cannot capture, motivating a process-level rather than outcome-level approach to studying reliance."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2026.102427_bib57","unstructured":"Drawing on extant literature, this paper provides a framework theorizing the trajectory from initial algorithm aversion through calibrated use to dependence, introducing the concept of cognitive surrender to describe the end state in which users delegate metacognitive oversight of offloaded cognitive tasks to the AI system."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2026.102427_bib53","unstructured":"This study demonstrates that a source-focused inoculation intervention successfully reduced general trust in AI as an information source but failed to reduce the specific influence of AI-generated misinformation on reasoning, providing a clear dissociation between awareness of AI limitations and behavioral resistance to specific hallucinated content."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2026.102427_bib54","unstructured":"In a preregistered experiment with 900 participants across 600 debates, GPT-4 with access to personal information was more persuasive than human debaters on political topics, demonstrating that LLM conversational fluency translates into measurable opinion change and providing direct evidence for the persuasive-fluency mechanism that suppresses reactive skepticism."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2026.102427_bib55","unstructured":"In a randomized study with 1298 participants across ten clinical scenarios, lay users assisted by GPT-4o, Llama 3, or Command R+ identified relevant conditions in fewer than 34.5% of cases and selected appropriate dispositions in fewer than 44.2%, despite the same models scoring 94.9% and 56.3% respectively when tested alone, and despite assisted participants performing no better than a control group using their usual resources. 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