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function of situational features. The findings illustrate well the central challenge facing classical dual-process accounts of social decision-making, namely that neither self-interest nor social preferences consistently emerge as the automatic default, a pattern that the present framework seeks to explain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2026.102469_bib64","unstructured":"This study demonstrated that minor situational variations within the same trust game paradigm were sufficient to reverse the automatic motivational response. When responders could appear reciprocal while covertly retaining more resources for themselves, the automatic tendency shifted from genuine reciprocity to self-interested behavior, despite identical surface-level decisions. These findings provide direct empirical support for a central claim of the present framework: that the apparent automatic default is not fixed but reflects the relative dominance of competing automatic motivational systems, which can shift in response to subtle contextual cues within the same experimental paradigm. The tension between reward-seeking and social motivations can therefore be resolved in favor of either automatic motivation depending on situational demands."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2026.102469_bib65","unstructured":"This target article challenges the classical dual-process framework by proposing that behavior often reflects competition between multiple automatic intuitive processes rather than a conflict between automatic and deliberate systems. The present account is broadly consistent with this perspective, and extends it by identifying candidate neural systems that adjudicate between competing automatic motivational drives in social exchange contexts."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2026.102469_bib66","unstructured":"This neuromodulation study provides direct causal evidence for the proposed role of rDLPFC in social exchange contexts. Enhancing rDLPFC activity via anodal tDCS significantly increased rejection rates of unfair ultimatum game offers, demonstrating that augmenting prefrontal regulatory capacity facilitates the expression of fairness preferences by attenuating reward-driven self-interested impulses. Taken together with Slater et al. (2025), these two studies used the same bargaining paradigm and the same neuromodulation technique (anodal tDCS) but targeted different prefrontal regions, yielding opposing behavioral outcomes consistent with the proposed double dissociation between rDLPFC and rVLPFC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2026.102469_bib67","unstructured":"This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes evidence from noninvasive brain stimulation studies of decision-making. Inhibitory stimulation of the right DLPFC increased self-interested choices in fairness-related tasks, providing converging causal evidence for this region\u2019s contribution to regulating behavior when personal gains conflict with fairness considerations."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2026.102469_bib68","unstructured":"This combined TMS-fMRI study provides causal evidence that rVLPFC facilitation suppresses activity in subcortical affective systems during emotion regulation, establishing a neural circuit linking rVLPFC to limbic structures. The findings directly support the proposed role of this region in regulating emotionally driven social motivations."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2026.102469_bib69","unstructured":"This study provides the first direct causal evidence for the role of rVLPFC in a bargaining context. Using anodal transcranial direct current stimulation targeting the rVLPFC in ultimatum game responders, the authors demonstrated that enhancing activity in this region significantly increased the acceptance rate of unfair offers, a self-interested response that requires overriding the emotionally driven impulse to reject perceived injustice. Taken together with Assor et al. (2026), these two studies used the same bargaining paradigm and the same neuromodulation technique (anodal tDCS) but targeted different prefrontal regions, yielding opposing behavioral outcomes consistent with the proposed double dissociation between rDLPFC and rVLPFC."}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352250X26002083?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352250X26002083?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:08:24Z","timestamp":1792069704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352250X26002083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["S2352250X26002083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2026.102469","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-250X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-250X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Two automatic motivations, two control systems: A neuroscience framework for negotiation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Psychology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2026.102469","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102469"}}