{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T13:33:34Z","timestamp":1780061614529,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,1]],"date-time":"2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]],"date-time":"2017-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":46,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cortex"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]],"date-time":"2017-02-02T11:45:40Z","timestamp":1486035940000},"page":"135-155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Agnosic vision is like peripheral vision, which is limited by crowding"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4371-6995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Strappini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis G.","family":"Pelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Di Pace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7806-9540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marialuisa","family":"Martelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1944.02290270032004","article-title":"Disintegration and restoration of optic recognition in visual agnosia: Analysis of a case","volume":"51","author":"Adler","year":"1944","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.04.063","article-title":"The neural correlates of crowding-induced changes in appearance","volume":"22","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.08.046","article-title":"Selectivity for low-level features of objects in the human ventral stream","volume":"49","author":"Andrews","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5039","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14181","article-title":"The effect of aging on crowded letter recognition in the peripheral visual field","volume":"55","author":"Astle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1988.tb04371.x","article-title":"Visual acuity testing of young children with the Cambridge Crowding Cards at 3 and 6 m","volume":"66","author":"Atkinson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica (Copenh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-4263-9_27","article-title":"Visual crowding in young children","volume":"45","author":"Atkinson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol Proc Ser"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1159\/000210464","article-title":"Seelenl\u00e4hmung des \u2018\u2018Schauens\u2019\u2019, optische Ataxie, r\u00e4umliche St\u00f6rung der Aufmerksamkeit","volume":"25","author":"Balint","year":"1909","journal-title":"Monattsschriften f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und Neurologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib8","first-page":"19","article-title":"What does visual agnosia tell us about perceptual organization and its relationship to object perception?","volume":"29","author":"Behrmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib9","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Intact visual imagery and impaired visual perception in a patient with visual agnosia","volume":"20","author":"Behrmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib10","first-page":"203","article-title":"Agnosias","volume":"1","author":"Behrmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.03.007","article-title":"Distributed circuits, not circumscribed centers, mediate visual recognition","volume":"17","author":"Behrmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs390","article-title":"Bilateral hemispheric processing of words and faces: Evidence from word impairments in prosopagnosia and face impairments in pure alexia","volume":"24","author":"Behrmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290701672764","article-title":"Impairments in part-whole representations of objects in two cases of integrative visual agnosia","volume":"24","author":"Behrmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1969.00480070092010","article-title":"Visual form agnosia","volume":"20","author":"Benson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790903339637","article-title":"Rapid categorization of faces and objects in a patient with impaired object recognition","volume":"16","author":"Boucart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"issue":"241","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/226177a0","article-title":"Interaction effects in parafoveal letter recognition","volume":"226","author":"Bouma","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00088-X","article-title":"Face context interferes with local part processing in a prosopagnosic patient","volume":"40","author":"Boutsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psychophysics toolbox","volume":"10","author":"Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spatial Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib20","series-title":"Cortex: Statistics and geometry of neuronal connectivity","author":"Braitenberg","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00048-7","article-title":"Impaired face and word recognition without object agnosia","volume":"37","author":"Buxbaum","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720200003","article-title":"Rey-Osterrieth complex figure: Normative values in an Italian population sample","volume":"22","author":"Caffarra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(85)90177-9","article-title":"Apperceptive agnosia due to carbon monoxide poisoning: An interpretation based on critical band masking from disseminated lesions","volume":"15","author":"Campion","year":"1985","journal-title":"Behavioral Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10465","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1140-14.2014","article-title":"Attention-dependent early cortical suppression contributes crowding","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.08.017","article-title":"Learning to identify crowded letters: Does it improve reading speed?","volume":"47","author":"Chung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/7.2.10","article-title":"Crowding between first- and second-order letter stimuli in normal foveal and peripheral vision","volume":"7","author":"Chung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20002","article-title":"Simultanagnosia: When a rose is not red","volume":"20","author":"Coslett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.4.1523","article-title":"Simultanagnosia: To see but not two see","volume":"114","author":"Coslett","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290701754240","article-title":"Foveal crowding in posterior cortical atrophy: A specific early-visual-processing deficit affecting word reading","volume":"24","author":"Crutch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290903465819","article-title":"The relationship between visual crowding and letter confusability: Towards an understanding of dyslexia in posterior cortical atrophy","volume":"26","author":"Crutch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2003.10.008","article-title":"Evidence for perceptual deficits in associative visual (prosop)agnosia: A single-case study","volume":"42","author":"Delvenne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib36","series-title":"Manuale di Neuropsicologia Cognitiva. Normalit\u00e0 e Patologia dei Processi Cognitivi","first-page":"1426","article-title":"Le agnosie visive","author":"De Renzi","year":"1996"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900562372","article-title":"Activation timecourse of ventral visual stream object-recognition areas: High density electrical mapping of perceptual closure processes","volume":"12","author":"Doniger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00265-4","article-title":"Cortical magnification within human primary visual cortex correlates with acuity thresholds","volume":"38","author":"Duncan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib39","series-title":"Boston studies in the philosophy of science","article-title":"What is perception?","author":"Efron","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1953.00920020441007","article-title":"Clinical testing of visual acuity","volume":"49","author":"Ehlers","year":"1953","journal-title":"AMA Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib41","series-title":"Visual agnosia: Disorders of object recognition and what they tell us about normal vision","author":"Farah","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib42","series-title":"Visual agnosia","author":"Farah","year":"2004"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290242000880","article-title":"A case study of visual agnosia without perceptual processing or structural descriptions impairment","volume":"20","author":"Fery","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1126\/science.142.3594.979","article-title":"Contour interaction and visual resolution: Contralateral effects","volume":"142","author":"Flom","year":"1963","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.013","article-title":"Fixation and saliency during search of natural scenes: The case of visual agnosia","volume":"47","author":"Foulsham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/11.4.15","article-title":"Inter-area correlations in the ventral visual pathway reflect feature integration","volume":"11","author":"Freeman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2889","article-title":"Metamers of the ventral stream","volume":"14","author":"Freeman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2010.498922","article-title":"Development of a vocabulary of object shapes in a child with a very-early-acquired visual agnosia: A unique case","volume":"64","author":"Funnell","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1162\/089892999563472","article-title":"Can face recognition really be dissociated from object recognition?","volume":"11","author":"Gauthier","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(96)00286-6","article-title":"Becoming a \u201cGreeble\u201d expert: Exploring mechanisms for face recognition","volume":"37","author":"Gauthier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/9224","article-title":"Activation of the middle fusiform \u2018face area\u2019 increases with expertise in recognizing novel objects","volume":"2","author":"Gauthier","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn205","article-title":"Seeing with profoundly deactivated mid-level visual areas: Non-hierarchical functioning in the human visual cortex","volume":"19","author":"Gilaie-Dotan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-009-0019-9","article-title":"The neuropsychological and neuroradiological correlates of slowly progressive visual agnosia","volume":"30","author":"Giovagnoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90344-8","article-title":"Separate visual pathways for perception and action","volume":"15","author":"Goodale","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/349154a0","article-title":"A neurological dissociation between perceiving objects and grasping them","volume":"349","author":"Goodale","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib56","unstructured":"Goodglass, H., Kaplan, E., & Weintraub, S. (O. Segal, Illus.) (1983). Boston naming test (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lea & Tebiger."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1968.tb02901.x","article-title":"Visual agnosia in childhood VI: Preliminary communication","volume":"10","author":"Gordon","year":"1968","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib58","first-page":"673","article-title":"Crowding affects letters and symbols differently","volume":"36","author":"Grainger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80526-7","article-title":"Cue-invariant activation in object-related areas of the human occipital lobe","volume":"21","author":"Grill-Spector","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.10.052","article-title":"A unifying model of orientation crowding in peripheral vision","volume":"25","author":"Harrison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790490495168","article-title":"Differential impact of parvocellular and magnocellular pathways on visual impairment in apperceptive agnosia?","volume":"10","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/429762","article-title":"Visual agnosia for line drawings and silhouettes without apparent impairment of real-object recognition: A case report","volume":"21","author":"Hiraoka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavioural Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib62","series-title":"Case studies in the neuropsychology of vision","first-page":"41","article-title":"Integrative agnosia","author":"Humphreys","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib63","series-title":"To see but not to see: A case study of visual agnosia","author":"Humphreys","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib64","series-title":"Attention & performance XI","article-title":"Interactive processes in perceptual organization: Evidence from visual agnosia","author":"Humphreys","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib65","first-page":"527","article-title":"Amblyopia ex anopsia. Observations on retinal inhibition, scotoma, projection, light difference discrimination and visual acuity","volume":"66","author":"Irvine","year":"1945","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg248","article-title":"Ventral occipital lesions impair object recognition but not object-directed grasping: An fMRI study","volume":"126","author":"James","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg259","article-title":"Impaired configurational processing in a case of progressive prosopagnosia associated with predominant right temporal lobe atrophy","volume":"126","author":"Joubert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib68","series-title":"Boston naming test","author":"Kaplan","year":"1983"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5854","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5192-08.2009","article-title":"The anatomy of object recognition\u2014visual form agnosia caused by medial occipitotemporal stroke","volume":"29","author":"Karnath","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/NP.2002.1","article-title":"Vision after early-onset lesions of the occipital cortex: I. Neuropsychological and psychophysical studies","volume":"9","author":"Kiper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neural Plasticity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib71","first-page":"17","article-title":"\u00dcber die Gestaltauffassung im indirekten Sehen","volume":"93","author":"Korte","year":"1923","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychologie"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3310","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-09-03310.2000","article-title":"Cortical regions involved in perceiving object shape","volume":"20","author":"Kourtzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13128","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1657-06.2006","article-title":"Two retinotopic visual areas in human lateral occipital cortex","volume":"26","author":"Larsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0275-5408(95)00124-7","article-title":"Relative roles of resolution and spatial interference in foveal and peripheral vision","volume":"16","author":"Latham","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf004","article-title":"Seeing, since childhood, without\u00a0ventral stream: A behavioural study","volume":"125","author":"L\u00ea","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.005","article-title":"Eye movements during object recognition in visual agnosia","volume":"50","author":"Leek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.70.001458","article-title":"Contrast masking in human vision","volume":"70","author":"Legge","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of the Optical Society of America"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq287","article-title":"Basic visual function and cortical thickness patterns in posterior cortical atrophy","volume":"21","author":"Lehmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.12.009","article-title":"Crowding \u2013 an essential bottleneck for object recognition: A mini-review","volume":"48","author":"Levi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(85)90207-X","article-title":"Vernier acuity, crowding and cortical magnification","volume":"25","author":"Levi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/7.2.21","article-title":"Amblyopic reading is crowded","volume":"7","author":"Levi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02226765","article-title":"Ein Fall von Seelenblindheit nebst einem Beitr\u00e4ge zur Theorie derselben [A case of visual agnosia with a contribution to theory]","volume":"21","author":"Lissauer","year":"1890","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Psychiatrie"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00247-3","article-title":"Apparent string shortening concomitant with letter crowding","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.4.3.191","article-title":"Neuropsychological performance in Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome: A report of two cases","volume":"4","author":"Loring","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/82.3.437","article-title":"Disorders of \u201csimultaneous perception\u201d in a case of bilateral occipito-parietal brain injury","volume":"82","author":"Luria","year":"1959","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00259-5","article-title":"Identification of facial images in peripheral vision","volume":"41","author":"M\u00e4kel\u00e4","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.02.020","article-title":"The role of visual salience in directing eye movements in visual object agnosia","volume":"19","author":"Mannan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1167\/5.1.6","article-title":"Are face processed like words? A diagnostic test for recognition by parts","volume":"5","author":"Martelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1993.tb00499.x","article-title":"Glasgow acuity cards: A new test for the measurement of letter acuity in children","volume":"13","author":"McGraw","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000196477.78548.db","article-title":"The cognitive profile of posterior cortical atrophy","volume":"66","author":"McMonagle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70481-7","article-title":"\u201cApperceptive\u201d alexia in posterior cortical atrophy","volume":"43","author":"Mendez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/306432","article-title":"Making memories: The development of long-term visual knowledge in children with visual agnosia","volume":"2013","author":"Metitieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Plasticity"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib93","first-page":"113","article-title":"Hierarchical processing in Balint's syndrome: A failure of flexible top-down attention","volume":"27","author":"Mevorach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib94","article-title":"Visual crowding in V1","author":"Millin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib95","series-title":"The visual brain in action","author":"Milner","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.1.405","article-title":"Perception and action in \u201cvisual form agnosia.\u201d","volume":"114","author":"Milner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(83)90190-X","article-title":"Object vision and spatial vision: Two cortical pathways","volume":"6","author":"Mishkin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/7.2.6","article-title":"The roles of cortical image separation and size in active visual search performance","volume":"7","author":"Motter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1162\/089892999563508","article-title":"The neural substrate of picture naming","volume":"11","author":"Murtha","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.014","article-title":"Visuoperceptual deficits in letter-by-letter reading?","volume":"47","author":"Mycroft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/7.2.5","article-title":"The nature of letter crowding as revealed by first- and second-order classification images","volume":"7","author":"Nandy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(77)90012-3","article-title":"Forest before the trees. The precedence of global features in visual perception","volume":"9","author":"Navon","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/89532","article-title":"Compulsory averaging of crowded orientation signals in human vision","volume":"4","author":"Parkes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00366","article-title":"The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: Transforming numbers into movies","volume":"10","author":"Pelli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spatial Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2008.09.008","article-title":"Crowding: A cortical constraint on object recognition","volume":"18","author":"Pelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1167\/4.12.12","article-title":"Crowding is unlike ordinary masking: Distinguishing feature integration from detection","volume":"4","author":"Pelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2187","article-title":"The uncrowded window of object recognition","volume":"11","author":"Pelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1167\/7.2.20","article-title":"Crowding and eccentricity determine reading rate","volume":"7","author":"Pelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7835.1","article-title":"A clinical test for visual crowding","volume":"5","author":"Pelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/14640749508401406","article-title":"Contrasting effects of letter-spacing in alexia: Further evidence that different strategies generate word length effects in reading","volume":"48","author":"Price","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.009","article-title":"Visual object agnosia is associated with a breakdown of object-selective responses in the lateral occipital cortex","volume":"60","author":"Ptak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib113","first-page":"215","article-title":"L'examen psychologie dan les cas d'enc\u00e9phalopathie traumatique (Les probl\u00e8mes) [The psychological examination in cases of traumatic encephalopathy (Problems)]","volume":"28","author":"Rey","year":"1941","journal-title":"Archives de Psychologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/110.6.1431","article-title":"A case of integrative visual agnosia","volume":"110","author":"Riddoch","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib115","series-title":"Birmingham object recognition battery (BORB)","author":"Riddoch","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290801920113","article-title":"Are faces special? A case of pure prosopagnosia","volume":"25","author":"Riddoch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/103.2.221","article-title":"The basic uniformity in structure of the neocortex","volume":"103","author":"Rockel","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/14.6.10","article-title":"The Bouma law of crowding, revised: Critical spacing is equal across parts, not objects","volume":"14","author":"Rosen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib120","series-title":"The man who mistook his wife for a hat: And other clinical tales","author":"Sacks","year":"1998"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790500376784","article-title":"Interactive perceptual and attentional limits in visual extinction","volume":"11","author":"Shalev","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1994.1019","article-title":"Apperceptive visual agnosia: A case study","volume":"25","author":"Shelton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib123","first-page":"174","article-title":"A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, familiarity and visual complexity","volume":"6","author":"Snodgrass","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/14.5.3","article-title":"A double dissociation of the acuity and crowding limits to letter identification, and the promise of improved visual screening","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.03.013","article-title":"Visual processing in pure alexia: A case study","volume":"46","author":"Starrfelt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp059","article-title":"Too little, too late: Reduced visual span and speed characterize pure alexia","volume":"19","author":"Starrfelt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(62)94878-X","article-title":"A study of separation difficulty: Its relationship to visual acuity in normal and amblyopic eyes","volume":"53","author":"Stuart","year":"1962","journal-title":"American Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib129","series-title":"Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain. 3-Dimensional proportional system: An approach to cerebral imaging","author":"Talairach","year":"1988"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/14640749308401045","article-title":"Parts and wholes in face recognition","volume":"46","author":"Tanaka","year":"1993","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211301","article-title":"Features and their configuration in face recognition","volume":"25","author":"Tanaka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.2.001586","article-title":"Effect of static-noise and grating masks on detection and identification of grating tar-gets","volume":"2","author":"Thomas","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(92)90227-A","article-title":"The two-dimensional shape of spatial interaction zones in the parafovea","volume":"32","author":"Toet","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(80)90005-5","article-title":"A feature integration theory of attention","volume":"12","author":"Treisman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.11.1.30","article-title":"Spatial attention does not require preattentive grouping","volume":"11","author":"Vecera","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib137","series-title":"Handbook of clinical neurology","article-title":"Agnosia: The impairment of object recognition","author":"Warrington","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(88)80014-5","article-title":"Visual apperceptive agnosia: A clinical-anatomical study of three cases","volume":"24","author":"Warrington","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib139","series-title":"Visual object and space orientation battery (VOSP)","author":"Warrington","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(73)80024-3","article-title":"The contribution of the right parietal lobe to object recognition","volume":"9","author":"Warrington","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.02.005","article-title":"Visual crowding: A fundamental limit on conscious perception and object recognition","volume":"15","author":"Whitney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02900065","article-title":"Die Simultanagnosie: St\u00f6rung der Gesamtauffassung","volume":"93","author":"Wolpert","year":"1924","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr di gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr008","article-title":"Dissociation of sensitivity to spatial frequency in word and face preferential areas of the fusiform gyrus","volume":"21","author":"Woodhead","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3284","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu293","article-title":"Prominent effects and neural correlates of visual crowding in a neurodegenerative disease population","volume":"137","author":"Yong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"}],"container-title":["Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010945217300187?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010945217300187?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T02:11:09Z","timestamp":1568772669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0010945217300187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"references-count":136,"alternative-id":["S0010945217300187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-9452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-9452","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Agnosic vision is like peripheral vision, which is limited by crowding","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cortex","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}