{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:42:23Z","timestamp":1791589343806,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008367","name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cortex"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T11:45:41Z","timestamp":1748259941000},"page":"35-49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Metacognition in motion: The interplay between motor evidence and visual information in shaping sensorimotor confidence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"189","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7697-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Culot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Notebaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Gevers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"OCTOBER2016","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib1","article-title":"Unexpected arousal modulates the influence of sensory noise on confidence","volume":"5","author":"Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"ELife"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-022-02201-1","article-title":"Metacognitive domains are not aligned along a dimension of internal-external information source","volume":"30","author":"Arbuzova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"Issue 6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01907-1","article-title":"Abnormalities in the awareness of action","volume":"6","author":"Blakemore","year":"2002","journal-title":"In Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psychophysics toolbox","volume":"10","author":"Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spatial Vision"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-002-0105-6","article-title":"Executive control in the Simon effect: An electromyographic and distributional analysis","volume":"66","author":"Burle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2019.104041","article-title":"Evidence for metacognitive bias in perception of voluntary action","volume":"194","author":"Charles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib8","first-page":"12","article-title":"Ordinal\u2014Regression models for ordinal data","author":"Christensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"R Package Version 2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib9","article-title":"_metaSDT: Calculate type 1 and type 2 signal detection measures","author":"Craddock","year":"2021","journal-title":"R Package Version 0.6.0"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Subjective experience of difficulty depends on multiple cues","volume":"7","author":"Desender","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports 2017"},{"issue":"6 June","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib11","article-title":"Feeling lucky? Prospective and retrospective cues for sensorimotor confidence","volume":"19","author":"Fassold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plos Computational Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.07.007","article-title":"Becoming aware of subliminal responses: An EEG\/EMG study on partial error detection and correction in humans","volume":"120","author":"Ficarella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex; a Journal Devoted To the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.34.10.906","article-title":"Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry","volume":"34","author":"Flavell","year":"1979","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000045","article-title":"Self-evaluation of decision-making: A general bayesian framework for metacognitive computation","volume":"124","author":"Fleming","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"1594","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0021","article-title":"Metacognition: Computation, biology and function","volume":"367","author":"Fleming","year":"2012","journal-title":"In Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"JULY","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib16","first-page":"443","article-title":"How to measure metacognition","volume":"8","author":"Fleming","year":"2014","journal-title":"In Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614557697","article-title":"Action-specific disruption of perceptual confidence","volume":"26","author":"Fleming","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00006-2","article-title":"Limited conscious monitoring of motor performance in normal subjects","volume":"36","author":"Fourneret","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14165","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4406-08.2008","article-title":"Specificity of reflex adaptation for task-relevant variability","volume":"28","author":"Franklin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nc\/niz001","article-title":"Revealing subthreshold motor contributions to perceptual confidence","volume":"2019","author":"Gajdos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience of Consciousness"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196546","article-title":"Type 2 tasks in the theory of signal detectability: Discrimination between correct and incorrect decisions","volume":"10","author":"Galvin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2014.11.004","article-title":"Knowing your own heart: Distinguishing interoceptive accuracy from interoceptive awareness","volume":"104","author":"Garfinkel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib23","article-title":"The functional role of conscious sensation of movement","volume":"Vol. 164","author":"Gr\u00fcnbaum","year":"2024"},{"issue":"7 DEC","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib24","article-title":"MEG and EEG data analysis with MNE-python","volume":"7","author":"Gramfort","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib25","series-title":"Signal detection theory and psychophysics","author":"Green","year":"1966"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-020-02190-0","article-title":"An investigation of how relative precision of target encoding influences metacognitive performance","volume":"83","author":"Kellij","year":"2021","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics"},{"issue":"5928","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1169405","article-title":"Representation of confidence associated with a decision by neurons in the parietal cortex","volume":"324","author":"Kiani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.126.4.349","article-title":"Monitoring one\u2019s own knowledge during study: A cue-utilization approach to judgments of learning","volume":"126","author":"Koriat","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2020.104396","article-title":"Performance monitoring for sensorimotor confidence: A visuomotor tracking study","volume":"205","author":"Locke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20159","article-title":"Is the error-related negativity amplitude related to error detectability? Evidence from effects of different error types","volume":"20","author":"Maier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00470","article-title":"The psycho package: An efficient and publishing-oriented workflow for psychological science","volume":"3","author":"Makowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Open Source Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib32","first-page":"459","article-title":"Visual confidence","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"Mamassian","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2011.09.021","article-title":"A signal detection theoretic approach for estimating metacognitive sensitivity from confidence ratings","volume":"21","author":"Maniscalco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1037\/dec0000023","article-title":"Noisy retrieval models of over- and undersensitivity to rare events","volume":"2","author":"Marchiori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Decision"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010095","article-title":"Active inference unifies intentional and conflict-resolution imperatives of motor control","volume":"18","author":"Maselli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plos Computational Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2017.09.002","article-title":"On-line action monitoring of response execution: An electrophysiological study","volume":"129","author":"Meckler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.039","article-title":"Confidence as bayesian probability: From neural origins to behavior","volume":"88","author":"Meyniel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8382","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1918335117","article-title":"Disentangling the origins of confidence in speeded perceptual judgments through multimodal imaging","volume":"117","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6176","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0133-23.2023","article-title":"Preserved metacognition for undetected visuomotor deviations","volume":"43","author":"Pereira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196482","article-title":"Judging confidence influences decision processing in comparative judgments","volume":"10","author":"Petrusic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-013-0232-0","article-title":"Detecting and correcting partial errors: Evidence for efficient control without conscious access","volume":"14","author":"Rochet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib42","article-title":"Multiple systems for cognitive control: Evidence from a hybrid prime-Simon task","volume":"37","author":"Schlaghecken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10371","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0078-15.2015","article-title":"Using covert response activation to test latent assumptions of formal decision-making models in humans using covert response activation to test latent assumptions of formal decision-making models in humans","volume":"35","author":"Servant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Society for Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(90)90005-Z","article-title":"Selective response activation can begin before stimulus recognition is complete: A psychophysiological and error analysis of continuous flow","volume":"74","author":"Smid","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1642-14.2015","article-title":"Controlling your impulses: Electrical stimulation of the human supplementary motor complex prevents impulsive errors","volume":"35","author":"Spieser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"46","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15643","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1899-10.2010","article-title":"Decision processes in human performance monitoring","volume":"30","author":"Steinhauser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-020-05740-y","article-title":"Reduction of auditory input improves performance on the heartbeat tracking task, but does not necessarily enhance interoception","volume":"238","author":"Todd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"1717","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.2547","article-title":"Just a heartbeat away from one\u2019s body:interoceptive sensitivity predicts malleability of body-representations","volume":"278","author":"Tsakiris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0261-1","article-title":"Conscious perception of errors and its relation to the anterior insula","volume":"214","author":"Ullsperger","year":"2010","journal-title":"In Brain Structure & Function"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2992-09.2010","article-title":"Unconscious activation of the prefrontal no-go network","volume":"30","author":"Van Gaal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2011.21635","article-title":"Error awareness revisited: Accumulation of multimodal evidence from central and autonomic nervous systems","volume":"23","author":"Wessel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1594","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0416","article-title":"Metacognition in human decision-making: Confidence and error monitoring","volume":"367","author":"Yeung","year":"2012","journal-title":"In Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"}],"container-title":["Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010945225001340?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010945225001340?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T08:02:51Z","timestamp":1778745771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0010945225001340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0010945225001340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-9452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-9452","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Metacognition in motion: The interplay between motor evidence and visual information in shaping sensorimotor confidence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cortex","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}