{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T08:18:21Z","timestamp":1778746701641,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cortex"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T18:59:35Z","timestamp":1748458775000},"page":"20-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Sparks fade with distance: The effect of electric field distribution on global motion perception using different tES techniques"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"189","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7697-6320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Pavan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Ghin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6563-2330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano","family":"Contillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sibel","family":"Akyuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4019-085X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Campana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0733-y","article-title":"Visual evoked potentials modulation during direct current cortical polarization","volume":"178","author":"Accornero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1984.52.6.1106","article-title":"Direction and orientation selectivity of neurons in visual area MT of the macaque","volume":"52","author":"Albright","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.04.035","article-title":"Spatial working memory in humans depends on theta and high gamma synchronization in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"26","author":"Alekseichuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2007.10.001","article-title":"Comparatively weak after-effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on cortical excitability in humans","volume":"1","author":"Antal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.05.010","volume":"8","author":"Antal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0688","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human primary visual cortex by transcranial direct current stimulation: Direct electrophysiological evidence","volume":"45","author":"Antal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2022.05.002","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation and neuroenhancement","volume":"7","author":"Antal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203727","article-title":"Electrical fields induced inside the rat brain with skin, skull, and dural placements of the current injection electrode","volume":"14","author":"Asan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/13506285.2022.2052216","article-title":"Perception of opposite-direction motion in random dot kinematograms","volume":"30","author":"Bae","year":"2022","journal-title":"Visual Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.11.015","article-title":"A computational modelling study of transcranial direct current stimulation montages used in depression","volume":"87","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55602-z","article-title":"Excitatory and inhibitory lateral interactions effects on contrast detection are modulated by tRNS","volume":"9","author":"Battaglini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.04.128","article-title":"Anodal and cathodal electrical stimulation over V5 improves motion perception by signal enhancement and noise reduction","volume":"10","author":"Battaglini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.7.1066","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation of visual area V5 in migraine","volume":"58","author":"Battelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000534","article-title":"Cognitive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in healthy and clinical populations: An overview","volume":"34","author":"Berryhill","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of ECT"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.06.004","article-title":"Safety of transcranial direct current stimulation: Evidence based update 2016","volume":"9","author":"Bikson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4213","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0041-13.2013","article-title":"Where is the anterior temporal lobe and what does it do?","volume":"33","author":"Bonner","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psychophysics toolbox","volume":"10","author":"Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spatial Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3156796","article-title":"No modulatory effects when stimulating the right inferior frontal gyrus with continuous 6 Hz tACS and tRNS on response inhibition: A behavioral study","volume":"2018","author":"Brauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Plasticity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2018.10.066","article-title":"Three repeated sessions of transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) leads to long-term effects on reaction time in the Go\/No Go task","volume":"49","author":"Brevet-Aeby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23016","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation affects the BOLD signal in a frequency and task-dependent manner","volume":"37","author":"Cabral-Calderin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.024","article-title":"The application of online transcranial random noise stimulation and perceptual learning in the improvement of visual functions in mild myopia","volume":"89","author":"Camilleri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01234","article-title":"Improvement of uncorrected visual acuity and contrast sensitivity with perceptual learning and transcranial random noise stimulation in individuals with mild myopia","volume":"5","author":"Camilleri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38919","article-title":"Opposite effects of high- and low-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation probed with visual motion adaptation","volume":"6","author":"Campana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/12.6.663","article-title":"Priming of motion direction and area V5\/MT: A test of perceptual memory","volume":"12","author":"Campana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj111","article-title":"Visual area V5\/MT remembers \u201cwhat\u201d but not \u201cwhere\u201d","volume":"16","author":"Campana","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.07.001","article-title":"Common (and multiple) neural substrates for static and dynamic motion after-effects: A rTMS investigation","volume":"49","author":"Campana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex; a Journal Devoted To the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24618-3","article-title":"Optimized APPS-tDCS electrode position, size, and distance doubles the on-target stimulation magnitude in 3000 electric field models","volume":"12","author":"Caulfield","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.63782","article-title":"Attention network modulation via tRNS correlates with attention gain","volume":"10","author":"Cont\u00f2","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.02.001","article-title":"tRNS boosts perceptual learning in peripheral vision","volume":"125","author":"Contemori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.005","article-title":"Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: Improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad","volume":"2","author":"Datta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5511","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2415-20.2021","article-title":"Inferior occipital gyrus is organized along common gradients of spatial and face-part selectivity","volume":"41","author":"de Haas","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1401.029","article-title":"Orbitofrontal cortex function and structure in depression","volume":"1121","author":"Drevets","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1444450","article-title":"Limitations associated with transcranial direct current stimulation for enhancement: Considerations of performance tradeoffs in active-duty soldiers","volume":"18","author":"Duffy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.5.454","article-title":"A new anatomical landmark for reliable identification of human area V5\/MT: A quantitative analysis of sulcal patterning","volume":"10","author":"Dumoulin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.03.043","article-title":"Predictive position computations mediated by parietal areas: TMS evidence","volume":"153","author":"Edwards","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01209-9","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS): From basic mechanisms towards first applications in psychiatry","volume":"271","author":"Elyamany","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/6\/066017","article-title":"A finite element analysis of the effect of electrode area and inter-electrode distance on the spatial distribution of the current density in tDCS","volume":"8","author":"Faria","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G\u2217Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G\u2217Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858416631966","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation: What we know and do not know about mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Fertonani","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Neuroscientist: a Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15416","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2002-11.2011","article-title":"Random noise stimulation improves neuroplasticity in perceptual learning","volume":"31","author":"Fertonani","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-019-00740-0","article-title":"Cathodal tDCS increases stop-signal reaction time","volume":"19","author":"Friehs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.12.003","article-title":"Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): A tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation","volume":"117","author":"Gandiga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"6739","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/21886","article-title":"Motion streaks provide a spatial code for motion direction","volume":"400","author":"Geisler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.07.048","article-title":"The effects of high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (hf-tRNS) on global motion processing: An equivalent noise approach","volume":"11","author":"Ghin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2009.07.006","article-title":"Electric field distribution in a finite-volume head model of deep brain stimulation","volume":"31","author":"Grant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medical Engineering & Physics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.1.20","article-title":"Mlp: A MATLAB toolbox for rapid and reliable auditory threshold estimation","volume":"41","author":"Grassi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1121\/1.406696","article-title":"A maximum-likelihood method for estimating thresholds in a yes-no task","volume":"93","author":"Green","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2023.08.011","article-title":"Monopolar tDCS might affect brainstem reflexes: A computational and neurophysiological study","volume":"155","author":"Guidetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2021.101925","article-title":"The temporal pole: From anatomy to function-A literature appraisal","volume":"113","author":"Herlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1167\/15.12.40","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation enhances visual learning in healthy adults","volume":"15","author":"Herpich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.339474","article-title":"Random noise stimulation in the treatment of patients with neurological disorders","volume":"17","author":"Herrera-Murillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regeneration Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib56","author":"Herv\u00e9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00002","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: Five important issues we aren\u2019t discussing (but probably should be)","volume":"8","author":"Horvath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.021","article-title":"Evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) generates little-to-no reliable neurophysiologic effect beyond MEP amplitude modulation in healthy human subjects: A systematic review","volume":"66","author":"Horvath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.01.400","article-title":"Quantitative review finds no evidence of cognitive effects in healthy populations from single-session transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)","volume":"8","author":"Horvath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/15.9.2","article-title":"Using 10AFC to further improve the efficiency of the quick CSF method","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1167\/6.11.13","article-title":"Spatial four-alternative forced-choice method is the preferred psychophysical method for na\u00efve observers","volume":"6","author":"J\u00e4kel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24455","article-title":"The inferior occipital gyrus is a major cortical source of the face-evoked N170: Evidence from simultaneous scalp and intracerebral human recordings","volume":"40","author":"Jacques","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00376.2019","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation attenuates BOLD adaptation and increases functional connectivity","volume":"123","author":"Kar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib64","series-title":"What\u2019s new in Psychtoolbox-3? Perception 36 ECVP abstract supplement","author":"Kleiner","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00416.2007","article-title":"Evidence for fast signals and later processing in human V1\/V2 and V5\/MT+: A TMS study of motion perception","volume":"98","author":"Laycock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.10.087","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)","volume":"128","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2023.06.019","article-title":"Interindividual differences in posterior fossa morphometry affect cerebellar tDCS-induced electric field strength","volume":"153","author":"Maas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib68","series-title":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference, 2020","first-page":"3517","article-title":"Effects of electrode configurations and injected current intensity on the electrical field of transcranial direct current stimulation: A simulation study","author":"Mackenbach","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.05.018","article-title":"Fronto-extracephalic transcranial direct current stimulation as a treatment for major depression: An open-label pilot study","volume":"134","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1983.49.5.1127","article-title":"Functional properties of neurons in middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey. I. Selectivity for stimulus direction, speed, and orientation","volume":"49","author":"Maunsell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.04.033","article-title":"Electrode-distance dependent after-effects of transcranial direct and random noise stimulation with extracephalic reference electrodes","volume":"121","author":"Moliadze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.017","article-title":"Differential effects of high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (hf-tRNS) on contrast sensitivity and visual acuity when combined with a short perceptual training in adults with amblyopia","volume":"114","author":"Moret","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748008401833","article-title":"Interocular delay produces depth in subjectively moving noise patterns","volume":"32","author":"Morgan","year":"1980","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: QJEP"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.05.009","article-title":"Improving working memory: Exploring the effect of transcranial random noise stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"122","author":"Mulquiney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.001","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation is more effective than transcranial direct current stimulation for enhancing working memory in healthy individuals: Behavioural and electrophysiological evidence","volume":"13","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-06-02201.1988","article-title":"A selective impairment of motion perception following lesions of the middle temporal visual area (MT)","volume":"8","author":"Newsome","year":"1988","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz072","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation for the acute treatment of depression: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Nikolin","year":"2020","journal-title":"The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01312.2006","article-title":"Shaping the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"97","author":"Nitsche","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2322774","article-title":"Comparison of cephalic and extracephalic montages for transcranial direct current stimulation--a numerical study","volume":"61","author":"Noetscher","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Bio-medical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib80","article-title":"Improvement in visual perception after high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (hf-tRNS) in those with migraine: An equivalent noise approach","volume":"161","author":"O\u2019Hare","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31236","article-title":"Spatiotemporal structure of intracranial electric fields induced by transcranial electric stimulation in humans and nonhuman primates","volume":"6","author":"Opitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.069","article-title":"How the brain tissue shapes the electric field induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"58","author":"Opitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2116019","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: Estimation of the electric field and of the current density in an anatomical human head model","volume":"58","author":"Parazzini","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Bio-medical Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00095-5","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation and neuroplasticity","volume":"37","author":"Pascual-Leone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2828-3","article-title":"Detection of first- and second-order coherent motion in blindsight","volume":"214","author":"Pavan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.02.018","article-title":"Modulatory mechanisms underlying high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (hf-tRNS): A combined stochastic resonance and equivalent noise approach","volume":"12","author":"Pavan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.036","article-title":"The neural basis of form and form-motion integration from static and dynamic translational Glass patterns: A rTMS investigation","volume":"157","author":"Pavan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00366","article-title":"The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: Transforming numbers into movies","volume":"10","author":"Pelli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spatial Vision"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.12.005","article-title":"The role of timing in the induction of neuromodulation in perceptual learning by transcranial electric stimulation","volume":"6","author":"Pirulli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"4\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2007.01.004","article-title":"Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients","volume":"72","author":"Poreisz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Research Bulletin"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2961-20.2021","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation acutely lowers the response threshold of human motor circuits","volume":"41","author":"Potok","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience\u202f: the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.03.007","article-title":"A Re-evaluation of the cognitive effects from single-session transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"8","author":"Price","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.687968","article-title":"Customized application of tDCS for clinical rehabilitation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Rodella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12081098","article-title":"The impact of bilateral anodal tDCS over left and right DLPFC on executive functions in children with ADHD","volume":"12","author":"Salehinejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib94","series-title":"Brain and human body modeling: Computational human modeling at EMBC 2018","first-page":"3","article-title":"SimNIBS 2.1: A comprehensive pipeline for individualized electric field modelling for transcranial brain stimulation","author":"Saturnino","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04526.x","article-title":"Sensitivity to optic flow in human cortical areas MT and MST","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"The European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410386614","article-title":"Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Stagg","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Neuroscientist: A Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14147","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4248-08.2008","article-title":"Increasing human brain excitability by transcranial high-frequency random noise stimulation","volume":"28","author":"Terney","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00112-4","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of human area MT\/V5 disrupts perception and storage of the motion aftereffect","volume":"40","author":"Th\u00e9oret","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib99","series-title":"Jamovi (Version 2.4)","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib100","series-title":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference, 2015","first-page":"222","article-title":"Field modeling for transcranial magnetic stimulation: A useful tool to understand the physiological effects of TMS?","author":"Thielscher","year":"2015"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20736","article-title":"A double dissociation between striate and extrastriate visual cortex for pattern motion perception revealed using rTMS","volume":"30","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-04-03215.1995","article-title":"Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"15","author":"Tootell","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104702","article-title":"Using noise for the better: The effects of transcranial random noise stimulation on the brain and behavior","volume":"138","author":"van der Groen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5289","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4519-15.2016","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation of visual cortex: Stochastic resonance enhances central mechanisms of perception","volume":"36","author":"van der Groen","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib105","article-title":"Head and shoulders-the impact of an extended head model on the simulation and optimization of transcranial electric stimulation","volume":"2024\u201308","author":"Van Hoornweder","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.988590","article-title":"High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation of the left middle temporal complex does not affect visual motion perception learning","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0061-1","article-title":"Neuron matters: Electric activation of neuronal tissue is dependent on the interaction between the neuron and the electric field","volume":"12","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1783-20.2020","article-title":"Ventromedial prefrontal cortex drives the prioritization of self-associated stimuli in working memory","volume":"41","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010945225001364?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010945225001364?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T08:01:49Z","timestamp":1778745709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0010945225001364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["S0010945225001364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.01.20.633831","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0010-9452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-9452","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sparks fade with distance: The effect of electric field distribution on global motion perception using different tES techniques","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cortex","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}