{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:24:15Z","timestamp":1786987455265,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["306332\/Z\/23\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306332\/Z\/23\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012617","name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012617","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/J014567\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/J014567\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cortex"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T05:22:55Z","timestamp":1755235375000},"page":"188-204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Reduced susceptibility to experimentally-induced complex visual hallucinations with age"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"191","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0936-2202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oris","family":"Shenyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Haye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9355-9967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia A.","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3554-385X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Lisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5503-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy I.","family":"Skipper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa M.","family":"Dekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022342","article-title":"Accurate and rapid estimation of phosphene thresholds (REPT)","volume":"6","author":"Abrahamyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.12.020","article-title":"Intentional inhibition but not source memory is related to hallucination-proneness and intrusive thoughts in a university sample","volume":"113","author":"Alderson-Day","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2017.1294056","article-title":"Suggestibility and signal detection performance in hallucination-prone students","volume":"22","author":"Alganami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2010.10.026","article-title":"Flicker-light induced visual phenomena: Frequency dependence and specificity of whole percepts and percept features","volume":"20","author":"Allefeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib5","first-page":"9(1), 1","article-title":"Thalamocortical interactions reflecting the intensity of flicker light-induced visual hallucinatory phenomena","author":"Amaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Network Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022505","article-title":"Intentional suppression of unwanted memories grows more difficult as we age","volume":"26","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01","article-title":"brms: An R package for bayesian multilevel models using stan","volume":"80","author":"B\u00fcrkner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01134","article-title":"Hallucinations in healthy older adults: An overview of the literature and perspectives for future research","volume":"8","author":"Badcock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00180","article-title":"A synthesis of evidence on inhibitory control and auditory hallucinations based on the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework","volume":"8","author":"Badcock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa073","article-title":"Hallucinations in older adults: A practical review","volume":"46","author":"Badcock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa073","article-title":"Hallucinations in older adults: A practical review","volume":"46","author":"Badcock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/13546800344000363","article-title":"Auditory hallucinations: Failure to inhibit irrelevant memories","volume":"10","author":"Badcock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.6.727","article-title":"Visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: A review and phenomenological survey","volume":"70","author":"Barnes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.10.010","article-title":"Auditory verbal hallucinations and continuum models of psychosis: A systematic review of the healthy voice-hearer literature","volume":"51","author":"Baumeister","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbj014","article-title":"The Cardiff anomalous perceptions scale (CAPS): A new validated measure of anomalous perceptual experience","volume":"32","author":"Bell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib16","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Vitreous floaters","author":"Bergstrom","year":"2025"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241353","article-title":"Interrogative suggestibility in the elderly","volume":"15","author":"Biondi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/14.1.85","article-title":"Reorganization of perceptions with age","volume":"14","author":"Botwinick","year":"1959","journal-title":"Journal of Gerontology"},{"issue":"1407","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0769","article-title":"Geometric visual hallucinations, Euclidean symmetry and the functional architecture of striate cortex","volume":"356","author":"Bressloff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1162\/089976602317250861","article-title":"What geometric visual hallucinations tell us about the visual cortex","volume":"14","author":"Bressloff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2022.05.021","article-title":"Age-related changes in cortical excitability linked to decreased attentional and inhibitory control","volume":"495","author":"Cesp\u00f3n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.631599","article-title":"Predictive coding over the lifespan: Increased reliance on perceptual priors in older Adults-A magnetoencephalography and dynamic causal modeling study","volume":"13","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609811104030192","article-title":"Age-related changes in motor cortical properties and voluntary activation of skeletal muscle","volume":"4","author":"Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Aging Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105208","article-title":"Understanding visual hallucinations: A new synthesis","volume":"150","author":"Collerton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210802574146","article-title":"Inhibitory control of memory in normal ageing: Dissociation between impaired intentional and preserved unintentional processes","volume":"17","author":"Collette","year":"2009","journal-title":"Memory (Hove, England)"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.07.041","article-title":"Which came first, delusions or hallucinations? An exploration of clinical differences among patients with first-episode psychosis based on patterns of emergence of positive symptoms","volume":"200","author":"Compton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.06.041","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of visual hallucinations in Charles Bonnet syndrome: A randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial","author":"DaSilva Morgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/09637214221150521","article-title":"The role of phenomenological control in experience","volume":"32","author":"Dienes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.02.004","article-title":"Shared neural mechanisms of visual perception and imagery","volume":"23","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104557","article-title":"Perceptual reality monitoring: Neural mechanisms dissociating imagination from reality","volume":"135","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5677","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05888-8","article-title":"Distinct top-down and Bottom-up brain connectivity during visual perception and imagery","volume":"7","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib32","article-title":"5-Dimensional altered states of consciousness rating scale (5D-ASC)","author":"Dittrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00336965","article-title":"A mathematical theory of visual hallucination patterns","volume":"34","author":"Ermentrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.06.011","article-title":"Visual imagery vividness declines across the lifespan","volume":"154","author":"Guly\u00e1s","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cortex; a Journal Devoted To the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000494","article-title":"Influence of prior beliefs on perception in early psychosis: Effects of illness stage and hierarchical level of belief","volume":"129","author":"Haarsma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70126-6","article-title":"The full-field flicker test in early diagnosis of chronic open-angle glaucoma","volume":"123","author":"Horn","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2012.7.12891","article-title":"Visual hallucinations: Charles bonnet syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Jan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Western Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"Suppl_4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S255","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu005","article-title":"Auditory verbal hallucinations in persons with and without a need for care","volume":"40","author":"Johns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.05.007","article-title":"The Ganzflicker experience: High probability of seeing vivid and complex pseudo-hallucinations with imagery but not aphantasia","volume":"141","author":"K\u00f6nigsmark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cortex; a Journal Devoted To the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.03.006","article-title":"Phenomenology of hallucinations, illusions, and delusions as part of seizure semiology","volume":"18","author":"Kasper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsy & Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib41","series-title":"Multidimensional Iowa Suggestibility Scale (MISS) brief manual","author":"Kotov","year":"2004"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12236","article-title":"Prevalence of auditory verbal hallucinations in a general population: A group comparison study","volume":"56","author":"Kr\u00e5kvik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.01.003","article-title":"An epidemiological study on the prevalence of hallucinations in a general-population sample: Effects of age and sensory modality","volume":"272","author":"Lar\u00f8i","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2005.01.001","article-title":"Associations between hallucinations and personality structure in a non-clinical sample: Comparison between young and elderly samples","volume":"39","author":"Lar\u00f8i","year":"2005","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.02.013","article-title":"Uncovering camouflage: Amygdala activation predicts long-term memory of induced perceptual insight","volume":"69","author":"Ludmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18591-6","article-title":"Trait phenomenological control predicts experience of mirror synaesthesia and the rubber hand illusion","volume":"11","author":"Lush","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib47","article-title":"The phenomenological control scale: Measuring the capacity for creating illusory nonvolition, hallucination and delusion","volume":"7","author":"Lush","year":"2021","journal-title":"Collabra: Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717002367","article-title":"Auditory hallucinations across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Maijer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib49","series-title":"Vividness of visual imagery questionnaire","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib50","author":"Mars"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65405-6","article-title":"Age-related changes in the susceptibility to visual illusions of size","volume":"14","author":"Mazuz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0575","article-title":"Psychotic experiences in the general population: A cross-national analysis based on 31 261 respondents from 18 countries","volume":"72","author":"McGrath","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp223","article-title":"Impaired visual processing preceding image recognition in Parkinson's disease patients with visual hallucinations","volume":"132","author":"Meppelink","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain: a Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.108787","article-title":"Perceptual reorganization from prior knowledge emerges late in childhood","volume":"27","author":"Milne","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.857","article-title":"Source monitoring and suggestibility to misinformation: Adult age-related differences","volume":"17","author":"Mitchell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-017-4931-6","article-title":"Enhanced verbal abilities in the congenitally blind","volume":"235","author":"Occelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(83)90210-9","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity throughout adulthood","volume":"23","author":"Owsley","year":"1983","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/00029157.2007.10524505","article-title":"An update on age, hypnotic suggestibility, and gender: A brief report","volume":"49","author":"Page","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26432","article-title":"Minor hallucinations occur in drug-naive Parkinson's disease patients, Even from the premotor phase","volume":"31","author":"Pagonabarraga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/13546800701394329","article-title":"Poor intentional inhibition in individuals predisposed to hallucinations","volume":"12","author":"Paulik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-011-0270-1","article-title":"The causal mediation Formula\u2014A guide to the assessment of pathways and mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Pearl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib62","first-page":"117","article-title":"Visual acuity as a function of age","volume":"53","author":"Pitts","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib63","article-title":"Ganzflicker reveals the complex relationship between visual mental imagery and pseudo-hallucinatory experiences: A replication and expansion","volume":"8","author":"Reeder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Collabra: Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib64","series-title":"The imagery experience questionnaire: A measure of psychedelic-induced visual imagery","author":"Roseby","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75019-3","article-title":"The multimodal Ganzfeld-induced altered state of consciousness induces decreased thalamo-cortical coupling","volume":"10","author":"Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52372-1","article-title":"Visual hallucinations induced by Ganzflicker and Ganzfeld differ in frequency, complexity, and content","volume":"14","author":"Shenyan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.684720","article-title":"The phenomenology and neurobiology of visual distortions and hallucinations in schizophrenia: An update","volume":"12","author":"Silverstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4437","article-title":"The prevalence and characteristics of hallucinations, delusions and minor phenomena in a non-demented population sample aged 60 years and over","volume":"31","author":"Soulas","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-020-0106-8","article-title":"Voluntary control of auditory hallucinations: Phenomenology to therapeutic implications","volume":"6","author":"Swyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophrenia"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13401","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503916112","article-title":"Shift toward prior knowledge confers a perceptual advantage in early psychosis and psychosis-prone healthy individuals","volume":"112","author":"Teufel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2013.00025","article-title":"The role of priors in Bayesian models of perception","volume":"7","author":"Teufel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2020.1850435","article-title":"Cognitive and phenomenological characteristics of hallucination-proneness across the lifespan","volume":"26","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00789221","article-title":"Distribution of hallucinations in the population","volume":"26","author":"Tien","year":"1991","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610201007621","article-title":"Caregiver report of hallucinations and paranoid delusions in elders aged 70 or older","volume":"13","author":"Turvey","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Psychogeriatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(02)00070-3","article-title":"Brain electrical activity and subjective experience during altered states of consciousness: Ganzfeld and hypnagogic states","volume":"46","author":"Wackermann","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00358-4","article-title":"Inhibition in schizophrenia: Association with auditory hallucinations","volume":"62","author":"Waters","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000657","article-title":"Effects of prior knowledge on active vision and memory in younger and older adults","volume":"149","author":"Wynn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110225","article-title":"Cultural differences in perceptual reorganization in US and Pirah\u00e3 adults","volume":"9","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcz007","article-title":"Increased weighting on prior knowledge in Lewy body-associated visual hallucinations","volume":"1","author":"Zarkali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Communications"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191635","article-title":"Flickering stimuli do not reliably induce visual hallucinations in parkinson's disease","volume":"9","author":"Zarkali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"}],"container-title":["Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010945225002151?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010945225002151?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T04:24:43Z","timestamp":1779942283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0010945225002151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["S0010945225002151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.05.27.656359","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0010-9452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-9452","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Reduced susceptibility to experimentally-induced complex visual hallucinations with age","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cortex","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.08.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}