{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T18:06:12Z","timestamp":1788977172768,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cortex"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T23:00:47Z","timestamp":1783119647000},"page":"239-251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Motor imagery vividness does not predict the ability to judge object weight from observed hand actions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"203","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1614-3965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orsolya","family":"Sz\u00e9kely","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Buckingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7635-4815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5383-7072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezio","family":"Preatoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet H.","family":"Bultitude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-011-0380-1","article-title":"Observing how others lift light or heavy objects: Time-dependent encoding of grip force in the primary motor cortex","volume":"76","author":"Alaerts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.029","article-title":"Observing how others lift light or heavy objects: Which visual cues mediate the encoding of muscular force in the primary motor cortex?","volume":"48","author":"Alaerts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/10538135251382909","article-title":"Effectiveness of the combined use of motor imagery and action observation therapies in improving functionality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Arnal-Vall\u00e9s","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.07.013","article-title":"Action observation treatment improves recovery of postsurgical orthopedic patients: Evidence for a top-down effect?","volume":"91","author":"Bellelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2023.09.004","article-title":"Defining and \u2018diagnosing\u2019 aphantasia: Condition or individual difference?","volume":"169","author":"Blomkvist","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.07.004","article-title":"Observing object lifting errors modulates cortico-spinal excitability and improves object lifting performance","volume":"50","author":"Buckingham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215504cr702oa","article-title":"The adjunctive role of mental practice in the rehabilitation of the upper limb after hemiplegic stroke: A pilot studya","volume":"18","author":"Crosbie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2021.103243","article-title":"The prevalence of aphantasia (imagery weakness) in the general population","volume":"97","author":"Dance","year":"2022","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1177\/03010066211042186","article-title":"What is the link between mental imagery and sensory sensitivity? Insights from aphantasia","volume":"50","author":"Dance","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-005-0032-4","article-title":"Kinematic cues in perceptual weight judgement and their origins in box lifting","volume":"71","author":"de","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.04.002","article-title":"A body-part-specific impairment in the visual recognition of actions in chronic pain patients","volume":"153","author":"de Lussanet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae072","article-title":"Explicit and implicit motor simulations are impaired in individuals with aphantasia","volume":"6","author":"Dupont","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00514","article-title":"Motor imagery during action observation: A brief review of evidence, theory and future research opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Eaves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01113.2002","article-title":"Imagery of voluntary movement of fingers, toes, and tongue activates corresponding body-part-specific motor representations","author":"Ehrsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"6950","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01861","article-title":"Action plans used in action observation","volume":"424","author":"Flanagan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-021-01209-7","article-title":"Individual differences in mental imagery in different modalities and levels of intentionality","volume":"50","author":"Floridou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Memory and Cognition"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.03.017","article-title":"The neural network of motor imagery: An ALE meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"H\u00e9tu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.08.003","article-title":"Neural correlates of action: Comparing meta-analyses of imagery, observation, and execution","volume":"94","author":"Hardwick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-007-0170-2","article-title":"Predictive coding: An account of the mirror neuron system","volume":"8","author":"Kilner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cognitive Processing"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.12.041","article-title":"Neuroscience needs behavior: Correcting a reductionist bias","volume":"93","author":"Krakauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2006.03.012","article-title":"Motor imagery","volume":"99","author":"Lotze","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology-Paris"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.899724","article-title":"Effect of skill proficiency on motor imagery ability between amateur dancers and non-dancers","volume":"13","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1973.tb01322.x","article-title":"Visual imagery differences in the recall of pictures","volume":"64","author":"Marks","year":"1973","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2025.103924","article-title":"Aphantasia and the unconscious imagery hypothesis","volume":"135","author":"Mckilliam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/texcom\/tgab035","article-title":"Behavioral and neural signatures of visual imagery vividness extremes: Aphantasia versus hyperphantasia","volume":"2","author":"Milton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12265","article-title":"Memory deficits in aphantasics are not restricted to autobiographical memory \u2013 Perspectives from the dual coding approach","volume":"16","author":"Monzel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108733","article-title":"Guidelines for reporting action simulation studies (GRASS): Proposals to improve reporting of research in motor imagery and action observation","volume":"192","author":"Moreno-Verd\u00fa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib29","author":"Morey"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0763-z","article-title":"Motor imagery and action observation: Cognitive tools for rehabilitation","volume":"114","author":"Mulder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-023-00221-9","article-title":"Insights into embodied cognition and mental imagery from aphantasia","volume":"2","author":"Muraki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Psychology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017","article-title":"PsychoPy\u2014psychophysics software in python","volume":"162","author":"Peirce","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","article-title":"PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy","volume":"51","author":"Peirce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215519839108","article-title":"Action observation therapy for improving arm function, walking ability, and daily activity performance after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3554-9","article-title":"Adaptation of lift forces in object manipulation through action observation","volume":"228","author":"Reichelt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230","article-title":"The mirror-neuron system","volume":"27","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2805","article-title":"The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: Interpretations and misinterpretations","volume":"11","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib38","series-title":"Movement imagery ability: Development and assessment of a revised version of the vividness of movement imagery questionnaire","author":"Roberts","year":"2008"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib39","first-page":"733","article-title":"Visual perception of lifted weight","volume":"7","author":"Runeson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21206","article-title":"Lesions to the motor system affect action perception","volume":"22","author":"Serino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5281","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5281.1564","article-title":"The mental representation of hand movements after parietal cortex damage","volume":"273","author":"Sirigu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-192931","article-title":"Effect of motor imagery combined with physical practice on upper limb rehabilitation in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy","volume":"46","author":"Souto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00826-1","article-title":"Somatotopic mapping of the human primary sensorimotor cortex during motor imagery and motor execution by functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"331","author":"Stippich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00807","article-title":"Multiple roles of motor imagery during action observation","volume":"7","author":"Vogt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.35.1.60","article-title":"Layered stimulus response training improves motor imagery ability and movement execution","volume":"35","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.053610.122","article-title":"Decreased associative processing and memory confidence in aphantasia","volume":"29","author":"Wittmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Learning and Memory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.04.003","article-title":"Phantasia\u2013the psychological significance of lifelong visual imagery vividness extremes","volume":"130","author":"Zeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.26502\/jppd.2572-519X0246","article-title":"The establishment of the Chinese version of the Vviq (Vviq-C) and the effects of age and gender on the vividness of visual imagery","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Disorders"}],"container-title":["Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010945226001759?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010945226001759?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T17:06:32Z","timestamp":1788973592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0010945226001759"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0010945226001759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-9452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-9452","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Motor imagery vividness does not predict the ability to judge object weight from observed hand actions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cortex","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}