{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T18:06:18Z","timestamp":1788977178278,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000169","name":"National Science Foundation Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2440390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2440390"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000169","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cortex"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T06:42:34Z","timestamp":1783060954000},"page":"118-129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["False discovery rate correction promotes confounded neuroimaging designs"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"203","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5985-3030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark A.","family":"Thornton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2014.00014","article-title":"Machine learning for neuroimaging with scikit-learn","volume":"8","author":"Abraham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0189-z","article-title":"Redefine statistical significance","volume":"2","author":"Benjamin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/93.3.491","article-title":"Adaptive linear step-up procedures that control the false discovery rate","author":"Benjamini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(09)71202-9","article-title":"Neural correlates of interspecies perspective taking in the post-mortem Atlantic Salmon: An argument for multiple comparisons correction","volume":"47","author":"Bennett","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01193-7","article-title":"The past, present and future of Registered Reports","volume":"6","author":"Chambers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf7129","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf7129","article-title":"Endogenous variation in ventromedial prefrontal cortex state dynamics during naturalistic viewing reflects affective experience","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib8","series-title":"Adaptive control of the false discovery rate in voxel-based morphometry","author":"Chen","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib9","series-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib10","first-page":"7388","article-title":"A representational similarity analysis of cognitive control during color-word Stroop","volume":"41","author":"Freund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsac019","article-title":"Leveraging the power of media to drive cognition: A media-informed approach to naturalistic neuroscience","volume":"17","author":"Grall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"issue":"7825","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2649-2","article-title":"Array programming with NumPy","volume":"585","author":"Harris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199601000-00002","article-title":"Nonparametric analysis of statistic images from functional mapping experiments","volume":"16","author":"Holmes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55","article-title":"Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment","volume":"9","author":"Hunter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Computing in Science & Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-011-9125-y","article-title":"Publication bias in neuroimaging research: Implications for meta-analyses","volume":"10","author":"Jennings","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6342","article-title":"Statistical methods for dealing with publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-724","article-title":"Accounting for multiple comparisons in a genome-wide association study (GWAS)","volume":"11","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsab010","article-title":"Multivariate spatial feature selection in fMRI","volume":"16","author":"Jolly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsp052","article-title":"Type I and type II error concerns in fMRI research: Re-balancing the scale","volume":"4","author":"Lieberman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.12.047","article-title":"An evaluation of thresholding techniques in fMRI analysis","volume":"22","author":"Logan","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"7902","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04492-9","article-title":"Reproducible brain-wide association studies require thousands of individuals","volume":"603","author":"Marek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib22","first-page":"1","article-title":"pandas: A foundational Python library for data analysis and statistics","volume":"14","author":"McKinney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Python for High Performance and Scientific Computing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.073","article-title":"Encoding and decoding in fMRI","volume":"56","author":"Naselaris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1191\/0962280203sm341ra","article-title":"Controlling the familywise error rate in functional neuroimaging: A comparative review","volume":"12","author":"Nichols","year":"2003","journal-title":"Statistical Methods in Medical Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.07.040","article-title":"Paradoxical results of adaptive false discovery rate procedures in neuroimaging studies","volume":"63","author":"Reiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8164","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad106","article-title":"Individual differences in neural event segmentation of continuous experiences","volume":"33","author":"Sava-Segal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib27","first-page":"3095","article-title":"Local-Global parcellation of the Human cerebral cortex from intrinsic functional connectivity MRI","volume":"28","author":"Schaefer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY: 1991)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.25080\/Majora-92bf1922-011","article-title":"Statsmodels: Econometric and statistical modeling with python","volume":"7","author":"Seabold","year":"2010","journal-title":"SciPy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.061","article-title":"Threshold-free cluster enhancement: Addressing problems of smoothing, threshold dependence and localisation in cluster inference","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.05.004","article-title":"Naturalistic stimuli in neuroscience: Critically acclaimed","volume":"23","author":"Sonkusare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00346","article-title":"A direct approach to false discovery rates","volume":"64","author":"Storey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01282-y","article-title":"Intrinsic activity development unfolds along a sensorimotor\u2013association cortical axis in youth","volume":"26","author":"Sydnor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(99)00161-4","article-title":"Publication bias in meta-analysis: Its causes and consequences","volume":"53","author":"Thornton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.12.012","article-title":"People represent mental states in terms of rationality, social impact, and valence: Validating the 3d Mind Model","volume":"125","author":"Thornton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib35","series-title":"The problem of multiple comparisons. Unpublished manuscript. In The Colected Works of John W. Tukey VIII. Multiple Comparisons: 1948-1983","author":"Tukey","year":"1953"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib36","first-page":"36","article-title":"Python programming Language","volume":"41","author":"Van Rossum","year":"2007","journal-title":"USENIX Annual Technical Conference"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","article-title":"SciPy 1.0: Fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python","volume":"17","author":"Virtanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"issue":"60","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03021","article-title":"Seaborn: Statistical data visualization","volume":"6","author":"Waskom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1635","article-title":"Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data","volume":"8","author":"Yarkoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2011","article-title":"The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity","volume":"106","author":"Yeo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.79045","article-title":"Neural representations of naturalistic events are updated as our understanding of the past changes","volume":"11","author":"Zadbood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04601.x","article-title":"The need for a cognitive neuroscience of naturalistic social cognition","volume":"1167","author":"Zaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"}],"container-title":["Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010945226001784?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010945226001784?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T17:07:20Z","timestamp":1788973640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0010945226001784"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0010945226001784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-9452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-9452","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"False discovery rate correction promotes confounded neuroimaging designs","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cortex","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}