{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T18:06:21Z","timestamp":1788977181638,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC017162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC017162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cortex"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T15:35:03Z","timestamp":1783697703000},"page":"252-265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Anterior temporal lobe mediates associative and taxonomic neighborhood effects in lexical processing"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"203","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5057-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6146-7275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Arheix-Parras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Riccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0295-7397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karim","family":"Johari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7937-5109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rutvik H.","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193014","article-title":"The English lexicon project","volume":"39","author":"Balota","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4 [Articles]","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00800","article-title":"Hits and misses: Leveraging tDCS to advance cognitive research","volume":"5","author":"Berryhill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw260","article-title":"Mapping the multiple graded contributions of the anterior temporal lobe representational hub to abstract and social concepts: Evidence from distortion-corrected fMRI","volume":"26","author":"Binney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.009","article-title":"Cathodal tDCS of the bilateral anterior temporal lobes facilitates semantically-driven verbal fluency","volume":"111","author":"Binney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13071037","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation effects on the neural substrate of conceptual representations","volume":"13","author":"Bonni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.977","article-title":"Moving beyond Kucera and Francis: A critical evaluation of current word frequency norms and the introduction of a new and improved word frequency measure for American English","volume":"41","author":"Brysbaert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0403-5","article-title":"Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas","volume":"46","author":"Brysbaert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196189","article-title":"Characterizing semantic space: Neighborhood effects in word recognition","volume":"8","author":"Buchanan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94506-9","article-title":"An ALE meta-analytical review of the neural correlates of abstract and concrete words","volume":"11","author":"Bucur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib11","first-page":"857","article-title":"Effects of orthographic neighborhood in visual word recognition: Cross-task comparison","volume":"23","author":"Carreiras","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh349","article-title":"Abstract and concrete concepts have structurally different representational frameworks","volume":"128","author":"Crutch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01034","article-title":"Semantic neighborhood effects for abstract versus concrete words","volume":"7","author":"Danguecan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1115-7","article-title":"The \"Small World of Words\" English word association norms for over 12,000 cue words","volume":"51","author":"De Deyne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0260-7","article-title":"Better explanations of lexical and semantic cognition using networks derived from continued rather than single-word associations [OriginalPaper]","volume":"45","author":"De Deyne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2006.05.007","article-title":"A case-series test of the interactive two-step model of lexical access: Predicting word repetition from picture naming","volume":"56","author":"Dell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(92)90046-K","article-title":"Stages of lexical access in language production","volume":"42","author":"Dell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-022-02593-9","article-title":"Proper and common names in the semantic system","volume":"228","author":"Desai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Structure and Function"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contrasting the organization of concrete and abstract word meanings","author":"Diveica","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.05.011","article-title":"The multidimensionality, variability and flexibility of concepts: Opening editorial","volume":"188","author":"Diveica","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib21","first-page":"11","article-title":"What do you know about an alligator when you know the company it keeps?","volume":"9","author":"Erk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semantics and Pragmatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034993","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation augments perceptual sensitivity and 24-hour retention in a complex threat detection task","volume":"7","author":"Falcone","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4549","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab501","article-title":"Distinct roles for the anterior temporal lobe and angular gyrus in the spatiotemporal cortical semantic network","volume":"32","author":"Farahibozorg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95639-7","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on effort during a working-memory task","volume":"11","author":"Framorando","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib25","article-title":"Adjudicating competing theories of semantic representation with 7T-fMRI and multivariate decoding","author":"Frisby","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1162\/IMAG.a.1201","article-title":"All spectral frequencies of neural activity reveal semantic representation in the human anterior ventral temporal cortex","volume":"4","author":"Frisby","year":"2026","journal-title":"Imaging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-022-01934-0","article-title":"SCOPE: The South Carolina psycholinguistic metabase","volume":"55","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12320","article-title":"On the use of the terms anodal and cathodal in high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation: A technical note","volume":"18","author":"Garnett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.103.3.518","article-title":"Orthographic processing in visual word recognition: A multiple read-out model","volume":"103","author":"Grainger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.09.001","article-title":"Differing contributions of inferior prefrontal and anterior temporal cortex to concrete and abstract conceptual knowledge","volume":"63","author":"Hoffman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.11.021","article-title":"Knowing what and where: TMS evidence for the dual neural basis of geographical knowledge","volume":"75","author":"Hoffman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.05.007","article-title":"Be concrete to be comprehended: Consistent imageability effects in semantic dementia for nouns, verbs, synonyms and associates","volume":"49","author":"Hoffman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0278-x","article-title":"Semantic diversity: A measure of semantic ambiguity based on variability in the contextual usage of words","volume":"45","author":"Hoffman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4319","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv003","article-title":"The nature and neural correlates of semantic association versus conceptual similarity","volume":"25","author":"Jackson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107955","article-title":"HD-tDCS over motor cortex facilitates figurative and literal action sentence processing","volume":"159","author":"Johari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.959455","article-title":"HD-tDCS of primary and higher-order motor cortex affects action word processing","volume":"16","author":"Johari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.117959","article-title":"Enhancing versus inhibiting semantic performance with transcranial magnetic stimulation over the anterior temporal lobe: Frequency-and task-specific effects","volume":"234","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.09.010","article-title":"Comparing cortical plasticity induced by conventional and high-definition 4\u00d7 1 ring tDCS: A neurophysiological study","volume":"6","author":"Kuo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.150","article-title":"The neural and computational bases of semantic cognition","volume":"18","author":"Lambon Ralph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907307107","article-title":"Coherent concepts are computed in the anterior temporal lobes","volume":"107","author":"Lambon Ralph","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.2.211","article-title":"A solution to Plato\u2019s problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge","volume":"104","author":"Landauer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00181","article-title":"The contribution of interindividual factors to variability of response in transcranial direct current stimulation studies","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.130.1.3","article-title":"Thematic relations in adults' concepts","volume":"130","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology. General"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03204766","article-title":"Producing high-dimensional semantic spaces from lexical co-occurrence","volume":"28","author":"Lund","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192726","article-title":"Semantic feature production norms for a large set of living and nonliving things","volume":"37","author":"McRae","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.11.024","article-title":"When the zebra loses its stripes but is still in the savannah: Results from a semantic priming paradigm in semantic dementia","volume":"53","author":"Merck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2019.1641186","article-title":"Identification of taxonomic and thematic relationships: Do the two semantic systems have the same status in semantic dementia?","volume":"41","author":"Merck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib48","article-title":"Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space","author":"Mikolov","year":"2013","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.3781"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000092","article-title":"Taxonomic and thematic semantic systems","volume":"143","author":"Mirman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.34.1.65","article-title":"Attractor dynamics and semantic neighborhood density: Processing is slowed by near neighbors and speeded by distant neighbors","volume":"34","author":"Mirman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169269","article-title":"Oscillatory dynamics supporting semantic cognition: MEG evidence for the contribution of the anterior temporal lobe hub and modality-specific spokes","volume":"12","author":"Mollo","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001","article-title":"High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) for the enhancement of working memory\u2013A systematic review and meta-analysis of healthy adults","volume":"15","author":"Mueller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-024-02485-5","article-title":"Unseen but influential associates: Properties of words\u2019 associates influence lexical and semantic processing","volume":"31","author":"Muraki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.105.2.299","article-title":"Interpreting the influence of implicitly activated memories on recall and recognition","volume":"105","author":"Nelson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/h0084295","article-title":"Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status","volume":"45","author":"Paivio","year":"1991","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychology\/Revue canadienne de psychologie"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1075\/ml.5.2.04pai","article-title":"Dual coding theory and the mental lexicon","volume":"5","author":"Paivio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mental Lexicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107926","article-title":"False alarms during recognition of famous people from faces and voices in patients with unilateral temporal lobe resection and normal participants tested after anodal tDCS over the left or right ATL","volume":"159","author":"Papagno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2277","article-title":"Where do you know what you know? The representation of semantic knowledge in the human brain","volume":"8","author":"Patterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib60","series-title":"Glove: Global vectors for word representation. Proceedings of the 2014 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP)","author":"Pennington","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib61","first-page":"24","article-title":"Meaning-based influences on visual word recognition","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"Pexman","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3758\/PBR.15.1.161","article-title":"There are many ways to be rich: Effects of three measures of semantic richness on visual word recognition","volume":"15","author":"Pexman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196311","article-title":"The impact of feedback semantics in visual word recognition: Number-of-features effects in lexical decision and naming tasks","volume":"9","author":"Pexman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review"},{"issue":"50","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20137","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707383104","article-title":"Anterior temporal lobes mediate semantic representation: Mimicking semantic dementia by using rTMS in normal participants","volume":"104","author":"Pobric","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.12.036","article-title":"Amodal semantic representations depend on both anterior temporal lobes: Evidence from repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"48","author":"Pobric","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.02.007","article-title":"Task-specific hand dystonia: Can too much plasticity be bad for you?","volume":"29","author":"Quartarone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.247171","article-title":"Cellular effects of acute direct current stimulation: Somatic and synaptic terminal effects","volume":"591","author":"Rahman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00315","article-title":"The semantic richness of abstract concepts","volume":"6","author":"Recchia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2017.08.004","article-title":"Effects of semantic neighborhood density in abstract and concrete words","volume":"169","author":"Reilly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02236","article-title":"A rose by any other name: Mapping taxonomic and thematic naming errors poststroke","volume":"36","author":"Riccardi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib71","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing","article-title":"Relations such as hypernymy: Identifying and exploiting hearst patterns in distributional vectors for lexical entailment","author":"Roller","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib72","volume":"Vol. 3","author":"Ross","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2022.105138","article-title":"Event related potential exploration of the organizational structure of abstract versus concrete words in neurologically intact younger adults","volume":"230","author":"Sandberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2005.10.001","article-title":"A case-series test of the interactive two-step model of lexical access: Evidence from picture naming","volume":"54","author":"Schwartz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8520","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014935108","article-title":"Neuroanatomical dissociation for taxonomic and thematic knowledge in the human brain","volume":"108","author":"Schwartz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.08.007","article-title":"Neural network bases of thematic semantic processing in language production","volume":"156","author":"Schwen Blackett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192768","article-title":"Word frequency effects in high-dimensional co-occurrence models: A new approach","volume":"38","author":"Shaoul","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.04.021","article-title":"Converging evidence from fMRI and aphasia that the left temporoparietal cortex has an essential role in representing abstract semantic knowledge","volume":"69","author":"Skipper-Kallal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12424","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging of taxonomic and thematic processing of abstract and concrete word pairs","volume":"19","author":"Stochel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2024.112357","article-title":"HD-tDCS over left supplementary motor area differentially modulated neural correlates of motor planning for speech versus limb movement","volume":"201","author":"Tabari","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"77","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3791\/50309-v","article-title":"Technique and considerations in the use of 4x1 ring high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS)","author":"Villamar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-linguistics-030514-124832","article-title":"Phonological neighborhood effects in spoken word perception and production","volume":"2","author":"Vitevitch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual Review of Linguistics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20950","article-title":"Neural representation of abstract and concrete concepts: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib84","article-title":"Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation-induced effects over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: Differences in the task types of task switching","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0314-x","article-title":"Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas","volume":"45","author":"Warriner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOPR.0000017224.21951.0e","article-title":"Partial knowledge of word meanings: Thematic and taxonomic representations","volume":"33","author":"Whitmore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1430-2","article-title":"Laterality of anterior temporal lobe repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation determines the degree of disruption in picture naming","volume":"222","author":"Woollams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Structure and Function"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-011-0092-y","article-title":"Is more always better? Effects of semantic richness on lexical decision, speeded pronunciation, and semantic classification","volume":"18","author":"Yap","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196440","article-title":"Semantic and phonological influences on the processing of words and pseudohomophones","volume":"31","author":"Yates","year":"2003","journal-title":"Memory and cognition"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196594","article-title":"The influence of phonological neighborhood on visual word perception [BriefCommunication]","volume":"11","author":"Yates","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2023.105287","article-title":"Taxonomic and thematic relations rely on different types of semantic features: Evidence from an fMRI meta-analysis and a semantic priming study","volume":"242","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-596X(03)00006-8","article-title":"Neighborhood effects in auditory word recognition: Phonological competition and orthographic facilitation","volume":"48","author":"Ziegler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.645382","article-title":"Modulation of training by single-session transcranial direct current stimulation to the intact motor cortex enhances motor skill acquisition of the paretic hand","volume":"43","author":"Zimerman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"}],"container-title":["Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010945226001929?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010945226001929?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T17:06:45Z","timestamp":1788973605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0010945226001929"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["S0010945226001929"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-9452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-9452","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Anterior temporal lobe mediates associative and taxonomic neighborhood effects in lexical processing","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cortex","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2026.06.026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}