{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:15:03Z","timestamp":1787498103292,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011725","name":"Servier","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI124006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI124006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI148354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI148354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T13:03:03Z","timestamp":1620910983000},"page":"13-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Innate immunity and HBV persistence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Chiale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8468-9666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony M","family":"Marchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0709-4201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael D","family":"Robek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9369","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.15.9369-9380.2005","article-title":"Stealth and cunning: hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses","volume":"79","author":"Wieland","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29348","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus evades innate immunity of hepatocytes but activates cytokine production by macrophages","volume":"66","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.044","article-title":"HBV bypasses the innate immune response and does not protect HCV from antiviral activity of interferon","volume":"154","author":"Mutz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_sbref0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.034","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus does not interfere with innate immune responses in the human liver","volume":"154","author":"Suslov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6669","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401771101","article-title":"Genomic analysis of the host response to hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"101","author":"Wieland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_sbref0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008248","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity associated with resolution of acute woodchuck hepatitis virus infection in adult woodchucks","volume":"15","author":"Suresh","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00200-8","article-title":"Long-term hepatitis B infection in a scalable hepatic co-culture system","volume":"8","author":"Winer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_sbref0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30815","article-title":"Analysis of host responses to hepatitis B and delta viral infections in a micro-scalable hepatic co-culture system","volume":"71","author":"Winer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23230","article-title":"Control of hepatitis B virus replication by innate response of HepaRG cells","volume":"51","author":"Lucifora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000986","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus polymerase blocks pattern recognition receptor signaling via interaction with DDX3: implications for immune evasion","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2010.36","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus X protein suppresses virus-triggered IRF3 activation and IFN-beta induction by disrupting the VISA-associated complex","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20316-8","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus rigs the cellular metabolome to avoid innate immune recognition","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_sbref0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31112","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus particles activate toll-like receptor 2 signaling initially upon infection of primary human hepatocytes","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(99)80068-X","article-title":"Cytokine-induced viral purging\u2014role in viral pathogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Guidotti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.02.022","article-title":"Lambda and alpha interferons inhibit hepatitis B virus replication through a common molecular mechanism but with different in vivo activities","volume":"401","author":"Pagliaccetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.252773599","article-title":"Transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of hepatitis B virus gene expression","volume":"100","author":"Uprichard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9913","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504273102","article-title":"Interferon prevents formation of replication-competent hepatitis B virus RNA-containing nucleocapsids","volume":"102","author":"Wieland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008338","article-title":"Interferon-stimulated gene 20 (ISG20) selectively degrades N6-methyladenosine modified Hepatitis B Virus transcripts","volume":"16","author":"Imam","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.12.009","article-title":"Interferon-inducible MX2 is a host restriction factor of hepatitis B virus replication","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.145761","article-title":"Restoration of type I interferon signaling in intrahepatically primed CD8+ T cells promotes functional differentiation","volume":"6","author":"Kawashima","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005788","article-title":"Interferon alpha induces sustained changes in NK cell responsiveness to hepatitis B viral load suppression in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Gill","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80295-2","article-title":"Intracellular inactivation of the hepatitis B virus by cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"4","author":"Guidotti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5415.825","article-title":"Viral clearance without destruction of infected cells during acute HBV infection","volume":"284","author":"Guidotti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890340310","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of recombinant interferon-gamma in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"34","author":"Lau","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0182-z","article-title":"Interferon-lambda orchestrates innate and adaptive mucosal immune responses","volume":"19","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26657","article-title":"Dynamic expression profiling of type I and type III interferon-stimulated hepatocytes reveals a stable hierarchy of gene expression","volume":"59","author":"Bolen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.12.016","article-title":"The RNA sensor RIG-I dually functions as an innate sensor and direct antiviral factor for hepatitis B virus","volume":"42","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.12.018","article-title":"Peginterferon lambda for the treatment of HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomized phase 2b study (LIRA-B)","volume":"64","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2002.5245","article-title":"Reduction in the circulating pDC1\/pDC2 ratio and impaired function of ex vivo-generated DC1 in chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"104","author":"Beckebaum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3766","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI66043","article-title":"Mobilizing monocytes to cross-present circulating viral antigen in chronic infection","volume":"123","author":"Gehring","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026315","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus impairs TLR9 expression and function in plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"6","author":"Vincent","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20366","article-title":"Functional impairment of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells of patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"40","author":"van der Molen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00112","article-title":"Circulating and hepatic BDCA1+, BDCA2+, and BDCA3+ dendritic cells are differentially subverted in patients with chronic HBV infection","volume":"10","author":"Ouaguia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.08.046","article-title":"Altered functions of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and reduced cytolytic activity of natural killer cells in patients with chronic HBV infection","volume":"143","author":"Martinet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.95","article-title":"Dissecting the dendritic cell controversy in chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Gehring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_sbref0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30637","article-title":"Characteristics of impaired dendritic cell function in patients with hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"70","author":"Yonejima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_sbref0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31725","article-title":"Human hepatitis B virus negatively impacts the protective immune cross-talk between natural killer and dendritic cells","author":"De Pasquale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2014.11.001","article-title":"NK cells regulating T cell responses: mechanisms and outcome","volume":"36","author":"Crouse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001227","article-title":"Blockade of immunosuppressive cytokines restores NK cell antiviral function in chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"6","author":"Peppa","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601313","article-title":"T cells infiltrating diseased liver express ligands for the NKG2D stress surveillance system","volume":"198","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.10.039","article-title":"Blocking the natural killer cell inhibitory receptor NKG2A increases activity of human natural killer cells and clears hepatitis B virus infection in mice","volume":"144","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00421","article-title":"Hepatitis B e antigen induces NKG2A(+) natural killer cell dysfunction via regulatory T cell-derived interleukin 10 in chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00221-9","article-title":"NKG2D modulates aggravation of liver inflammation by activating NK cells in HBV infection","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20121172","article-title":"Up-regulation of a death receptor renders antiviral T cells susceptible to NK cell-mediated deletion","volume":"210","author":"Peppa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13884","article-title":"Liver macrophages: friend or foe during hepatitis B infection?","volume":"38","author":"Faure-Dupuy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002061","article-title":"Kupffer cells hasten resolution of liver immunopathology in mouse models of viral hepatitis","volume":"7","author":"Sitia","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu599","article-title":"Kupffer cells interact with hepatitis B surface antigen in vivo and in vitro, leading to proinflammatory cytokine production and natural killer cell function","volume":"211","author":"Boltjes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.06.032","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus-induced modulation of liver macrophage function promotes hepatocyte infection","volume":"71","author":"Faure-Dupuy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.04.008","article-title":"Maternal-derived hepatitis B virus e antigen alters macrophage function in offspring to drive viral persistence after vertical transmission","volume":"44","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-020-00662-x","article-title":"HBV X protein-based therapeutic vaccine accelerates viral antigen clearance by mobilizing monocyte infiltration into the liver in HBV carrier mice","volume":"27","author":"Horng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0648-y","article-title":"Dual-targeting nanoparticle vaccine elicits a therapeutic antibody response against chronic hepatitis B","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00109","article-title":"The generation and identity of human myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"10","author":"Bergenfelz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5461","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400849","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells regulate immune response in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection through PD-1-induced IL-10","volume":"193","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3856","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of hepatitis B immunopathology by myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"21","author":"Pallett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_sbref0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007690","article-title":"Hepatitis B e antigen induces the expansion of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells to dampen T-cell function in chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0191-y","article-title":"Mucosal-associated invariant T cells and disease","volume":"19","author":"Toubal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0444-8","article-title":"The biology and functional importance of MAIT cells","volume":"20","author":"Godfrey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1621709","article-title":"Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in chronic inflammatory liver disease","volume":"38","author":"Bolte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix425","article-title":"Mucosal-associated invariant T cells are more activated in chronic hepatitis B, but not depleted in blood: reversal by antiviral therapy","volume":"216","author":"Boeijen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.04.009","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis delta virus infection leads to functional impairment and severe loss of MAIT cells","volume":"71","author":"Dias","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00472","article-title":"Hyper-expression of PD-1 is associated with the levels of exhausted and dysfunctional phenotypes of circulating CD161(++)TCR iValpha7.2(+) mucosal-associated invariant T cells in chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Yong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425917714854","article-title":"Decrease of CD69 levels on TCR Valpha7.2(+)CD4(+) innate-like lymphocytes is associated with impaired cytotoxic functions in chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients","volume":"23","author":"Yong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Innate Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_sbref0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31602","article-title":"Mucosal-associated invariant T cell dysregulation correlates with conjugated bilirubin level in chronic HBV infection","volume":"73","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101969","article-title":"Suppression of hepatitis B virus through therapeutic activation of RIG-I and IRF3 signaling in hepatocytes","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161313","article-title":"Antiviral efficacy and host innate immunity associated with SB 9200 treatment in the woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"11","author":"Korolowicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.3.1259","article-title":"Synthetic TLR agonists reveal functional differences between human TLR7 and TLR8","volume":"174","author":"Gorden","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.003","article-title":"GS-9620, an oral agonist of Toll-like receptor-7, induces prolonged suppression of hepatitis B virus in chronically infected chimpanzees","volume":"144","author":"Lanford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.026","article-title":"Sustained efficacy and seroconversion with the Toll-like receptor 7 agonist GS-9620 in the woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"62","author":"Menne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.02.037","article-title":"The oral toll-like receptor-7 agonist GS-9620 in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"63","author":"Gane","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.10.027","article-title":"Safety, efficacy and pharmacodynamics of vesatolimod (GS-9620) in virally suppressed patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"68","author":"Janssen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12942","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of vesatolimod (GS-9620) in patients with chronic hepatitis B who are not currently on antiviral treatment","volume":"25","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_sbref0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31255","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 8 agonist GS-9688 induces sustained efficacy in the woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"73","author":"Daffis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31795","article-title":"Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the oral TLR8 agonist selgantolimod in chronic hepatitis B","author":"Gane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3363","article-title":"Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of selgantolimod, an oral Toll-like receptor 8 agonist: a Phase Ia study in healthy subjects","volume":"25","author":"Reyes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_sbref0375","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of TLR8 agonist GS-9688 (selgantolimod) in chronic hepatitis B: re-modelling of antiviral and regulatory mediators","author":"Amin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47149-w","article-title":"Synergy of therapeutic heterologous prime-boost hepatitis B vaccination with CpG-application to improve immune control of persistent HBV infection","volume":"9","author":"Kosinska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2573","article-title":"Intrahepatic myeloid-cell aggregates enable local proliferation of CD8(+) T cells and successful immunotherapy against chronic viral liver infection","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.11.001","article-title":"Combination therapy including CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and entecavir induces early viral response and enhanced inhibition of viral replication in a woodchuck model of chronic hepadnaviral infection","volume":"125","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12_12922","article-title":"Combination treatment of a TLR7 agonist RO7020531 and a capsid assembly modulator RO7049389 achieved sustainable viral load suppression and HBsAg loss in an AAV-HBV mouse model","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.06.028","article-title":"Anti-PD-1 blockade with nivolumab with and without therapeutic vaccination for virally suppressed chronic hepatitis B: a pilot study","volume":"71","author":"Gane","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_sbref0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69614-7","article-title":"Toll-like receptor dual-acting agonists are potent inducers of PBMC-produced cytokines that inhibit hepatitis B virus production in primary human hepatocytes","volume":"10","author":"Janovec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.08.008","article-title":"Immune-modulators to combat hepatitis B virus infection: from IFN-alpha to novel investigational immunotherapeutic strategies","volume":"122","author":"Isorce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1879625721000377?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1879625721000377?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T10:06:06Z","timestamp":1761818766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1879625721000377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["S1879625721000377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1879-6257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1879-6257","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Innate immunity and HBV persistence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Virology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}