{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:24:59Z","timestamp":1786987499546,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014014","name":"Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014014","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014748","name":"Clarendon Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T22:57:36Z","timestamp":1681253856000},"page":"101326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The roles of nucleic acid editing in adaptation of zoonotic viruses to humans"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Ratcliff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7964-4700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Simmonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0888","article-title":"Risk factors for human disease emergence","volume":"356","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.160123","article-title":"Assessing the epidemic potential of RNA and DNA viruses","volume":"22","author":"Woolhouse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04788-w","article-title":"Climate change increases cross-species viral transmission risk","volume":"607","author":"Carlson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.17","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of human-infective RNA viruses","volume":"5","author":"Woolhouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.043","article-title":"Tracking changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike: evidence that D614G increases infectivity of the COVID-19 virus","volume":"182","author":"Korber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.11.008","article-title":"Evolution and spread of Ebola virus in Liberia, 2014\u20132015","volume":"18","author":"Ladner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1679","article-title":"Compositional biases in RNA viruses: causes, consequences and applications","volume":"13","author":"Gaunt","year":"2022","journal-title":"WIREs RNA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008718","article-title":"Footprint of the host restriction factors APOBEC3 on the genome of human viruses","volume":"16","author":"Poulain","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_sbref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009596","article-title":"Extensive C->U transition biases in the genomes of a wide range of mammalian RNA viruses; potential associations with transcriptional mutations, damage- or host-mediated editing of viral RNA","volume":"17","author":"Simmonds","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2020.12.018","article-title":"Potential APOBEC-mediated RNA editing of the genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses and its impact on their longer term evolution","volume":"556","author":"Ratcliff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi026","article-title":"Evolution of the AID\/APOBEC family of polynucleotide (deoxy)cytidine deaminases","volume":"22","author":"Conticello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-12-71","article-title":"An ancient history of gene duplications, fusions and losses in the evolution of APOBEC3 mutators in mammals","volume":"12","author":"M\u00fcnk","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3659919","article-title":"Apolipoprotein B-48 is the product of a messenger RNA with an organ-specific in-frame stop codon","volume":"238","author":"Chen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90510-1","article-title":"A novel form of tissue-specific RNA processing produces apolipoprotein-B48 in intestine","volume":"50","author":"Powell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8511591","article-title":"Molecular cloning of an apolipoprotein B messenger RNA editing protein","volume":"260","author":"Teng","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib16","first-page":"3","article-title":"Proposed nomenclature for the catalytic subunit of the mammalian apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme: APOBEC-1","volume":"1","author":"Davidson","year":"1995","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00078-7","article-title":"Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme","volume":"102","author":"Muramatsu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01574","article-title":"Transcription-targeted DNA deamination by the AID antibody diversification enzyme","volume":"422","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030481","article-title":"AID mediates hypermutation by deaminating single stranded DNA","volume":"197","author":"Dickerson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18470","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.26.18470","article-title":"Specific expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a novel member of the RNA-editing deaminase family in germinal center B cells","volume":"274","author":"Muramatsu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01760","article-title":"Processive AID-catalysed cytosine deamination on single-stranded DNA simulates somatic hypermutation","volume":"424","author":"Pham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8195","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00298-13","article-title":"Footprint of APOBEC3 on the genome of human retroelements","volume":"87","author":"Anwar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00408-20","article-title":"Rampant C\u2192U hypermutation in the genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses: causes and consequences for their short- and long-term evolutionary trajectories","volume":"5","author":"Simmonds","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_sbref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1238","article-title":"Cellular APOBEC3A deaminase drives mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome","volume":"51","author":"Nakata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7881","article-title":"APOBEC3A cytidine deaminase induces RNA editing in monocytes and macrophages","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.10.033","article-title":"Multiple APOBEC3 restriction factors for HIV-1 and one Vif to rule them all","volume":"426","author":"Desimmie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061084","article-title":"Examination of the APOBEC3 barrier to cross species transmission of primate lentiviruses","volume":"13","author":"Gaba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_sbref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00178-21","article-title":"Comprehensive investigation on the interplay between feline APOBEC3Z3 proteins and feline immunodeficiency virus Vif proteins","volume":"95","author":"Kosugi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-013-0165-9","article-title":"Bovine immunodeficiency virus: a lentiviral infection","volume":"24","author":"Bhatia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.03.028","article-title":"Jembrana disease virus Vif antagonizes the inhibition of bovine APOBEC3 proteins through ubiquitin-mediate protein degradation","volume":"519","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04637-z","article-title":"The Vif protein of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus inhibits interferon production","volume":"165","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11889","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01537-08","article-title":"Equine infectious anemia virus resists the antiretroviral activity of equine APOBEC3 proteins through a packaging-independent mechanism","volume":"82","author":"Bogerd","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4808","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00112-13","article-title":"APOBEC3 inhibition of mouse mammary tumor virus infection: the role of cytidine deamination versus inhibition of reverse transcription","volume":"87","author":"MacMillan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.06.057","article-title":"Cytidine deamination of retroviral DNA by diverse APOBEC proteins","volume":"14","author":"Bishop","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_sbref35","article-title":"Putative APOBEC3 deaminase editing in MPXV as evidence for sustained human transmission since at least 2016","author":"O\u2019Toole","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioRXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_sbref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01907-y","article-title":"Phylogenomic characterization and signs of microevolution in the 2022 multi-country outbreak of monkeypox virus","volume":"28","author":"Isidro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib37","first-page":"163","article-title":"ADARs, viruses and Innate Immunity","volume":"353","author":"Samuel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042718-041356","article-title":"Double-stranded RNA sensors and modulators in innate immunity","volume":"37","author":"Hur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib39","first-page":"35","article-title":"ADAR proteins: double-stranded RNA and Z-DNA binding domains","volume":"353","author":"Barraud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00011-22","article-title":"ADAR-editing during Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 infection in Crassostrea gigas: facts and limitations","volume":"7","author":"Rosani","year":"2022","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2203760119","article-title":"Interferon resistance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"119","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006188","article-title":"RNA modifications go viral","volume":"13","author":"Gokhale","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s10038-019-0679-0","article-title":"Recent advances in the detection of base modifications using the Nanopore sequencer","volume":"65","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179127","article-title":"RNA modifications in genomic RNA of influenza A virus and the relationship between RNA modifications and viral infection","volume":"22","author":"Furuse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5776","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky029","article-title":"Positive-sense RNA viruses reveal the complexity and dynamics of the cellular and viral epitranscriptomes during infection","volume":"46","author":"McIntyre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11112","article-title":"Topology of the human and mouse m6A RNA methylomes revealed by m6A-seq","volume":"485","author":"Dominissini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_sbref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz1164","article-title":"Deamination hotspots among APOBEC3 family members are defined by both target site sequence context and ssDNA secondary structure","volume":"48","author":"McDaniel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4136","article-title":"Stem-loop structure preference for site-specific RNA editing by APOBEC3A and APOBEC3G","volume":"5","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1879625723000263?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1879625723000263?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T10:07:00Z","timestamp":1761818820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1879625723000263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S1879625723000263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326","relation":{},"ISSN":["1879-6257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1879-6257","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The roles of nucleic acid editing in adaptation of zoonotic viruses to humans","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Virology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101326","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101326"}}