{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T16:49:25Z","timestamp":1776530965591,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Problems in Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,25]],"date-time":"2007-05-25T12:26:40Z","timestamp":1180096000000},"page":"321-366","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"G. William","family":"Dec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib1","unstructured":"American Heart Association; American Stroke Association. Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142005 update. Available at: http:\/\/www.americanheart.org\/downloadable\/heart\/1072969766940Hstats2004Update.pdf. Accessed December 1, 2005."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020265","article-title":"Long-term trends with the incidence and survival with heart failure","volume":"347","author":"Levy","year":"2002","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"issue":"supp 7A","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(98)00383-0","article-title":"New epidemiologic perspectives concerning mild-to-moderate heart failure","volume":"110","author":"Adams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.08.023","volume":"46","author":"Hunt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"suppl 7","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib5","first-page":"S21","article-title":"The acute decompensated heart failure national registry (ADHERE): opportunities to improve care of patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"4","author":"Fonarow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.157.1.99","article-title":"Readmission after hospitalization for congestive heart failure among Medicare beneficiaries","volume":"157","author":"Krumholz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Inter Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.3.325","article-title":"Ten-year trends in hospital care for congestive heart failure: improved outcomes and increased use of resources","volume":"160","author":"Polanczyk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00185-2","article-title":"Outcomes in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"41","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2003.150","article-title":"The problem of decompensated heart failure: nomenclature, classification risk stratification","volume":"143","author":"Felker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1G","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.07.014","article-title":"Introduction to acute heart failure syndromes","volume":"96","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5G","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.07.015","article-title":"Definition and epidemiology of acute heart failure syndromes","volume":"96","author":"Nieminen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11G","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.07.016","article-title":"Pathophysiologic targets in the early phase of acute heart failure syndromes","volume":"96","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp052699","article-title":"Acute pulmonary edema","volume":"353","author":"Ware","year":"2005","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-86-2-133","article-title":"Chronic congestive heart failure in coronary artery disease: clinical criteria","volume":"86","author":"Harlan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.261.6.884","article-title":"Limited reliability of physical signs for estimating hemodynamics in chronic heart failure","volume":"261","author":"Stevenson","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.277.21.1712","article-title":"Can the clinical examination diagnose left-sided heart failure in adults?","volume":"277","author":"Badgett","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1054\/jcaf.2000.17610","article-title":"Heart failure in African Americans: a cardiovascular enigma","volume":"6","author":"Yancy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2005.12.001","article-title":"Executive summary: HFSA 2006 Comprehensive Heart Failure Practice Guidelines","volume":"12","author":"Adams","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib19","article-title":"Cardioprotection: a new paradigm in the management of acute heart failure syndromes","volume":"96","author":"Maytin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2002.120152","article-title":"Cardiac troponin levels are associated with poor short- and long-term prognosis in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema","volume":"143","author":"Perna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"7A","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(98)00384-2","article-title":"Prognosis determination in heart failure","volume":"110","author":"Eichhorn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.1.107","article-title":"Survival after the onset of congestive heart failure in the Framingham Heart Study subjects","volume":"88","author":"Ho","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010641","article-title":"Prognostic importance of elevated jugular venous pressure and a third heart sound in patients with heart failure","volume":"345","author":"Drazner","year":"2001","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)03301-5","article-title":"Relation of frequency and severity of mitral regurgitation to survival among patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure","volume":"91","author":"Trichon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2002.123575","article-title":"Prognostic significance of mitral regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction","volume":"144","author":"Koelling","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.19.2581","article-title":"Predicting mortality among patients hospitalized for heart failure: derivation and validation of a clinical model","volume":"290","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)01328-X","article-title":"Simple clinical variables are markers for propensity for readmission in patients hospitalized with heart failure","volume":"87","author":"Harajai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.156.16.1814","article-title":"Correlates of major complications or death in patients admitted to the hospital with congestive heart failure","volume":"156","author":"Chin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000165065.82609.3D","article-title":"Lower serum sodium is associated with increased short-term mortality in hospitalized patients with worsening heart failure","volume":"111","author":"Klein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.15.1689","article-title":"Prognosis and determinants of survival in patients newly hospitalized for heart failure","volume":"62","author":"Jong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.89.6.615","article-title":"Prognosis for patients newly admitted to hospital with heart failure: survival trends in 12,220 index admissions in Leicestershire 1993-2001","volume":"89","author":"Blackledge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02968-6","article-title":"Heart failure etiology and response to milrinone in decompensated heart failure: results from the OPTIME-CHF study","volume":"41","author":"Felker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(03)00740-9","article-title":"Usefulness of anemia as a predictor of death and re-hospitalization in patients with decompensated heart failure","volume":"92","author":"Felker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.09.044","article-title":"Pre-discharge B-type natriuretic peptide assay for identifying patients at high risk of re-admission after decompensated heart failure","volume":"43","author":"Logeart","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000144310.04433.BE","article-title":"N-terminal-pro-BNP natriuretic peptide predicts outcome after hospital discharge in heart failure patients","volume":"110","author":"Bettencourt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3958","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.590091","article-title":"Acute heart failure syndromes","volume":"112","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000084543.79097.34","article-title":"Cardiac troponin I is associated with impaired hemodynamics, progressive left ventricular dysfunction, and increased mortality in advanced heart failure","volume":"108","author":"Horwich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2004.02.011","article-title":"Risk stratification after hospitalization for decompensated heart failure","volume":"10","author":"Felker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.2.203","article-title":"Renal function, neurohormonal activation and survival in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"102","author":"Hillege","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(99)70113-4","article-title":"Aggravated renal dysfunction during intensive therapy for advanced chronic heart failure","volume":"138","author":"Weinfield","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1054\/jcaf.2002.125289","article-title":"The prognostic importance of different definitions of worsening renal function in congestive heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.5.572","article-title":"Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure Classification and regression tree analysis","volume":"293","author":"Fonarow","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.5.628","article-title":"Medical management of advanced heart failure","volume":"287","author":"Nohria","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00309-7","article-title":"Clinical assessment identifies hemodynamic profiles that predict outcomes in patients admitted with heart failure","volume":"41","author":"Nohria","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(99)00015-X","article-title":"Tailored therapy to hemodynamic goals for advanced heart failure","volume":"1","author":"Stevenson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.4.1165","article-title":"Sustained hemodynamic efficacy of therapy tailored to reduce filling pressures in survivors with advanced heart failure","volume":"96","author":"Steimle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.13.1625","article-title":"Evaluation study of congestive heart failure and pulmonary artery catheterization effectiveness","volume":"294","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(98)70257-1","article-title":"Optimizing therapy for complex or refractory heart failure: a management algorithm","volume":"135","author":"Stevenson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.04.007","article-title":"Acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"46","author":"Dec","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32G","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.07.019","article-title":"Evaluation and monitoring of patients with acute heart failure syndromes","volume":"96","author":"Nohria","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808063390607","article-title":"Diuretic therapy","volume":"339","author":"Brater","year":"1998","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41G","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.07.020","article-title":"Overview of current non-inodilator therapies for acute heart failure syndromes","volume":"96","author":"Stough","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.03.051","article-title":"In-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure requiring intravenous vasoactive medications","volume":"46","author":"Abraham","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(96)00161-1","article-title":"Diuretic efficacy of high dose furosemide in severe heart failure: bolus injection versus continuous infusion","volume":"28","author":"Dormans","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.05.099","article-title":"Early ultrafiltration in patients with decompensated heart failure and diuretic resistance","volume":"46","author":"Costanzo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra000050","article-title":"Aldosterone in congestive heart failure","volume":"345","author":"Weber","year":"2001","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909023411001","article-title":"The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure","volume":"341","author":"Pitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.04.038","article-title":"Eplerenone reduces mortality 30 days after randomization following acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure","volume":"46","author":"White","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.9.1265","article-title":"Digitalis","volume":"99","author":"Hauptman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(02)00172-4","article-title":"Digoxin is useful in the management of chronic heart failure","volume":"87","author":"Dec","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(96)00120-9","article-title":"Digoxin reduces cardiac sympathetic activity in severe heart failure","volume":"28","author":"Newton","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198203253061202","article-title":"Heart failure in outpatients","volume":"306","author":"Lee","year":"1982","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(89)90561-5","article-title":"Comparative hemodynamic and neurohormonal effects of intravenous captopril and digoxin and their combination in patient with severe heart failure","volume":"13","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000132482.95686.87","article-title":"Digoxin in the management of cardiovascular disorders","volume":"109","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021266","article-title":"Sex-based differences in the effect of digoxin for the treatment of heart failure","volume":"347","author":"Rathorne","year":"2002","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.02.091","article-title":"Relationship of serum digoxin concentration to mortality and morbidity in women in the Digitalis Investigator Group trial","volume":"46","author":"Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.5.558","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in chronic heart failure","volume":"101","author":"Bristow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/107424840400900404","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic blockers in heart failure: a review of mechanisms of action and clinical outcomes","volume":"9","author":"Satwani","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000065187.80707.18","article-title":"Beta-blockers in chronic heart failure","volume":"107","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77B","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.01.030","article-title":"Role of in-hospital initiation of carvedilol to improve treatment rates and clinical outcomes","volume":"93","author":"Fonarow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105313442201","article-title":"Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe heart failure","volume":"344","author":"Packer","year":"2001","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.12.040","article-title":"Pre-discharge initiation of carvedilol in patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure: results of the IMPACT-HF (initiation management pre-discharge process for assessment of carvedilol therapy in heart failure) trial","volume":"43","author":"Gattis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02134-4","article-title":"Beta-blocker therapy influences the hemodynamic response to inotropic agents in patients with heart failure","volume":"40","author":"Metra","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00077-1","article-title":"Combined oral positive inotropic and beta-blocker therapy for treatment of refractory class IV heart failure","volume":"31","author":"Shakar","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.23.2312","article-title":"Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure","volume":"100","author":"Packer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)08417-1","article-title":"Randomized trial of high-dose isosorbide dinitrate plus low dose furosemide versus high-dose furosemide and low dose isosorbide dinitrate in severe pulmonary edema","volume":"351","author":"Cotter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105033441802","article-title":"Lesser response to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor therapy in black as compared with white patients with left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"344","author":"Exner","year":"2001","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042934","article-title":"Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure","volume":"351","author":"Taylor","year":"2004","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi044","article-title":"Executive summary of the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute heart failure: the Task Force on Acute Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"26","author":"Nieminen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197409192911201","article-title":"Treatment of refractory heart failure with infusion of nitroprusside","volume":"291","author":"Guiha","year":"1974","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022021","article-title":"Nitroprusside in critically ill patients with left ventricular dysfunction and aortic stenosis","volume":"348","author":"Khot","year":"2003","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01814-4","article-title":"Neurohormonal activation rapidly decreases after intravenous therapy with diuretics and vasodilators in class IV heart failure","volume":"39","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198205133061902","article-title":"Effect of short-term infusion of sodium nitroprusside on mortality rate in acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular failure: results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative study","author":"Cohn","year":"1982","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59G","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.07.022","article-title":"Overview of randomized clinical trials in acute heart failure syndromes","volume":"96","author":"Teerlink","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000141829.04031.25","article-title":"Nesiritide does not improve renal function in patients with chronic heart failure and worsening serum creatinine","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.12.1531","article-title":"Intravenous nesiritide versus nitroglycerin for treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure","volume":"287","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01818-6","article-title":"Effect of nesiritide versus dobutamine on short-term outcomes in the treatment of patients with acutely decompensated heart failure","volume":"39","author":"Silver","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000159340.93220.E4","article-title":"Risk of worsening renal function with nesiritide in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure","volume":"111","author":"Sackner-Bernstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.15.1900","article-title":"Short-term risk of death after treatment with nesiritide for decompensated heart failure: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"293","author":"Sackner-Bernstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.12.1541","article-title":"Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"287","author":"Cuffe","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47G","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.07.021","article-title":"Reassessment of dobutamine, dopamine, and milrinone in the management of acute heart failure syndromes","volume":"96","author":"Bayram","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.69.1.113","article-title":"Sustained improvement of cardiac function in patients with congestive heart failure after short-term infusion of dobutamine","volume":"69","author":"Liang","year":"1984","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)90917-9","article-title":"Comparison of intravenous milrinone and dobutamine for congestive heart failure secondary to either ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"59","author":"Biddle","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)90616-3","article-title":"Differential effects of milrinone and dobutamine on right ventricular preload, afterload, and systolic performance in congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"60","author":"Eichhorn","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000078348.44634.BA","article-title":"Clinical use of inotropic therapy for heart failure: looking backward or forward?","volume":"108","author":"Stevenson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000135472.28234.CC","article-title":"Heart failure and sudden death in patients with tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"110","author":"Nerheim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2D","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)03373-8","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation in heart failure: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and rationale for treatment","volume":"91","author":"Maisel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909163411201","article-title":"Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"341","author":"Torp-Pederson","year":"1999","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000161276.09685.4A","article-title":"Patient selection for cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"111","author":"Strickberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000096580.26969.9A","article-title":"Cardiac resychronization therapy for heart failure","volume":"108","author":"Abraham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000094397.19932.78","article-title":"Endothelin receptor blockers in cardiovascular disease","volume":"108","author":"Rich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)03119-3","article-title":"Neurohormonal prediction of mortality following admission for decompensated heart failure","volume":"91","author":"Aaronson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00556-4","article-title":"Hemodynamic and clinical effects of tezosentan, an intravenous dual endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"42","author":"Torre-Amione","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(01)00210-0","article-title":"Clinical trials update: highlights of the scientific sessions of the XXIII Congress of the European Society of Cardiology: WARIS II, ESCAMI, PAFAC, RITZ-1, and TIME","volume":"3","author":"Coletta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00194-3","article-title":"Tezosentan in patients with acute heart failure and acute coronary syndromes: results of the Randomized Intravenous TeZosentan Study (RITZ-4)","volume":"41","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2004.05.004","article-title":"The hemodynamic and neurohormonal effects of low doses of tezosentan (an endothelin A\/B receptor antagonist) in patients with acute heart failure","volume":"6","author":"Cotter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.04.035","article-title":"Tezosentan in patients with acute heart failure: design of the Value of Endothelin Receptor Inhibition with Tezosentan in Acute heart failure Study (VERITAS)","volume":"150","author":"Teerlink","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib108","first-page":"101","article-title":"Effects of the endothelin receptor bosentan on the morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure: results of the ENABLE 1 and 2 trial program","volume":"39","author":"Packer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000038497.80095.E1","article-title":"Hemodynamic and neurohormonal effects of selective endothelin (ET[A]) receptor blockade in chronic heart failure: the Heart Failure ET(A) Receptor Blockade Trial (HEAT)","volume":"106","author":"Luscher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.542407","article-title":"Mechanisms and use of calcium-sensitizing agents in the failing heart","volume":"113","author":"Kass","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000043245.00859.11","article-title":"Sustained hemodynamic effects of intravenous levosimendan","volume":"107","author":"Kivikko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.18.2222","article-title":"Acute hemodynamic and clinical effects of levosimendan in patients with severe heart failure","volume":"102","author":"Slawsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09455-2","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intravenous levosimendan compared with dobutamine in severe low-output heart failure (the LIDO study): a randomized double-blind trial","volume":"360","author":"Follath","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206A","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(04)90879-0","article-title":"The effect of a calcium sensitizer or an inotrope or none in chronic low output decompensated heart failure","volume":"43","author":"Zairis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/cc2556","article-title":"Development of a comprehensive new endpoint for the evaluation of new treatments for acute decompensated heart failure: results with levosimendan in the REVIVE 1 study","volume":"8","author":"Garratt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib116","unstructured":"REVIVE II: Multicenter placebo-controlled trial of levosimendan on clinical status in acutely decompensated heart failure. Presented at the 2005 American Heart Association Scientific Sessions, Dallas, TX, November 14, 2005."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib117","unstructured":"The SURVIVE-W trial: Comparison of dobutamine and levosimendan on survival in acutely decompensated heart failure. Presented at the 2005 American Heart Association Scientific Sessions, Dallas, TX, November 16,2005."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.02.095","article-title":"Vasopressin antagonism in heart failure","volume":"46","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-005-0021-3","article-title":"Role of vasopressin antagonists in the management of acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"2","author":"Orlandi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Heart Fail Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4501.099313","article-title":"Acute hemodynamic effects of conivaptan, a dual V1a and V2 vasopressin receptor antagonist, in patients with advanced heart failure","volume":"104","author":"Udelson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000070422.41439.04","article-title":"Vasopressin V2-receptor blockade with tolvaptan in patients with chronic heart failure: results from a double-blind, randomized trial","volume":"107","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.16.1963","article-title":"Effect of tolvaptan, a vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized with worsening heart failure","volume":"291","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2005.03.009","article-title":"Rationale and design of the multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the Efficacy of Tolvaptan (EVEREST)","volume":"11","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Card Fail"}],"container-title":["Current Problems in Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0146280607000151?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0146280607000151?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]],"date-time":"2019-01-07T04:57:44Z","timestamp":1546837064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0146280607000151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0146280607000151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.02.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-2806"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-2806","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}}}