{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T14:25:03Z","timestamp":1788791103101,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Problems in Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T23:34:54Z","timestamp":1784763294000},"page":"103408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cardiorenal syndrome: pathophysiological crosstalk between heart and kidney"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8017-0570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radhia Chems","family":"Telli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.886473","article-title":"Cardiorenal syndrome: new perspectives","volume":"121","author":"Bock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.07.051","article-title":"Cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Ronco","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.63475\/yjm.v4i1.0028","article-title":"Cardiorenal, renocardiac, and reno-cardio-cardiac syndromes: an updated review on general definitions, pathophysiology, and therapies (Part 1)","volume":"4","author":"Habas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Yemen J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/jcrm2010004","article-title":"Cardio-renal syndrome: review and new perspectives","volume":"2","author":"Mart\u00edn","year":"2026","journal-title":"J CardioRenal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0005","unstructured":"Global trends and disparities in the burden of heart failure caused by chronic kidney disease: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. [PMC12043581]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0006","unstructured":"Burden of heart failure attributable to chronic kidney disease in older adults (1990\u20132021): an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study. [PMC12213463]."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.0000000000000064","article-title":"Cardiorenal syndrome in the hospital","volume":"18","author":"McCallum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.04.090","article-title":"Lymphatic dysregulation in patients with heart failure: JACC review topic of the week","volume":"78","author":"Fudim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107672","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites: potential targets for cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"214","author":"Lai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-69405-0","article-title":"A gut microbiome-kidney-heart axis predictive of future cardiovascular diseases","volume":"17","author":"Chechi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-025-00248-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of SGLT2 inhibitors, incretin-based therapies, and finerenone on cardiorenal outcomes: a meta-analysis and network meta-analysis","author":"Shokravi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol Endocrinol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0012","article-title":"Recent advances in mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: focus on finerenone in the era of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7814","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247814","article-title":"Cardio-renal syndrome: latest developments in device-basedtherapy","volume":"13","author":"Meche","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0014","first-page":"23","article-title":"Cases and observations illustrative of renal disease accompanied by the secretion of albuminous urine","volume":"25","author":"Bright","year":"1836","journal-title":"Med Chir Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0015","first-page":"51","article-title":"Cardiorenal syndrome: a Bright idea with earlier roots","volume":"28","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp507","article-title":"Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative","volume":"31","author":"Ronco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e840","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000664","volume":"139","author":"Rangaswami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0018","article-title":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney disease and heart failure: recent advances and current challenges: conclusions from a KDIGO Controversies Conference","volume":"14","year":"2026","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0019","unstructured":"Epidemiology of Cardiorenal Syndrome. ScienceDirect."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0020","article-title":"Role and Mechanism of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in the Onset and Development of Cardiorenal Syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0021","unstructured":"RAAS inhibition and cardiorenal syndrome. [PubMed 25549841]."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0022","article-title":"A Systematic Review of SGLT2 Inhibitors and Sympathetic Nervous System Inhibition: An Underrated Mechanism of Cardiorenal Protection","volume":"14","author":"Raza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0023","first-page":"12129","article-title":"New insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0024","first-page":"1581","volume":"11","author":"Gembillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Syndrome: New Pathways and Novel Biomarkers. Biomolecules."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23011","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141123011","article-title":"Pathogenesis of chronic cardiorenal syndrome: is there a role for oxidative stress?","volume":"14","author":"Rubattu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0026","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction: An Emerging Link in the Pathophysiology of Cardiorenal Syndrome","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7440","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157440","article-title":"Molecular Pathways Linking Cardiovascular Dysfunction and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression","volume":"26","author":"Syndrome","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814261","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiorenal Conditions: Implications of Endothelial Glucocorticoid Receptor-Wnt Signaling","volume":"24","author":"Akhter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.70086","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction and Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46050236","article-title":"Insights into the Molecular Mechanism of Endothelial Glycocalyx Dysfunction during Heart Surgery","volume":"46","author":"Kr\u0161ek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0031","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota and metabolites in the gut-kidney-heart axis of chronic kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-023-00595-0","article-title":"Role of the renal lymphatic system in heart failure","volume":"20","author":"Salah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Heart Fail Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2874","article-title":"Worsening of chronic heart failure: definition, epidemiology, management and prevention. A clinical consensus statement by the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"25","author":"Metra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0034","article-title":"Kidney Dysfunction in Heart Failure: Core Curriculum 2025","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12050951","article-title":"Pop-Moldovan A. The congestion \"pandemic\" in acute heart failure patients","volume":"12","author":"Mocan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2174\/1573403X09666131117174414","article-title":"Acute decompensated heart failure update","volume":"11","author":"Teerlink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0037","article-title":"A Contemporary Perspective on Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Classification: A State-of-the-art Review from an International Expert Group","year":"2026","journal-title":"Card Fail Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1381514","article-title":"Clinical profiling of patients admitted with acute heart failure: a comprehensive survival analysis","volume":"11","author":"L\u00f3pez-Vilella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0039","unstructured":"Cardiorenal Syndrome in Acute Heart Failure: Revisiting Paradigms. Rev Esp Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0040","unstructured":"Cardiorenal Syndrome. StatPearls. NCBI Bookshelf. Updated June 22, 2025. [NBK542305]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.868658","article-title":"Biomarkers in Cardiorenal Syndrome and Potential Insights Into Novel Therapeutics","volume":"9","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0042","article-title":"Prognostic Role Of Serum Cystatin C In Heart Failure: Systematic Review And Meta-analysis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0043","article-title":"Cystatin-C and mortality in elderly persons with heart failure","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0044","first-page":"1540","article-title":"Integrating Novel Biomarkers into Clinical Practice: A Practical Framework for Diagnosis and Management of Cardiorenal Syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Aletras","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0045","first-page":"20","article-title":"He J. New advances in biomarker research for cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01066-x","article-title":"Blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio and long-term survival in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0047","unstructured":"Blood Urea\/Creatinine Ratio and Mortality in Ambulatory Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. [PMC12651498] 2025\/2026."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.09.029","article-title":"Prospective Evaluation of Venous Excess Ultrasound for Estimation of Venous Congestion","volume":"165","author":"Longino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0049","article-title":"A comprehensive review of venous excess ultrasound (VExUS) score: evidence from original research","year":"2026","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6272","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13206272","article-title":"Venous Excess Ultrasound Score Is Associated with Worsening Renal Function and Reduced Natriuretic Response in Patients with Acute Heart Failure","volume":"13","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0051","unstructured":"Islas-Rodr\u00edguez JP, Miranda-Aquino T, Romero-Gonz\u00e1lez G, et al. Effect on kidney function recovery guiding decongestion with VExUS in patients with cardiorenal syndrome 1: a randomized control trial."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041334","article-title":"VExUS Protocol Along Cardiorenal Syndrome: An Updated Review","volume":"14","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0053","article-title":"Advances in Congestion Assessment in Decompensated Heart Failure","year":"2025","journal-title":"Card Fail Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0054","first-page":"5","article-title":"Renal Mechanisms of Diuretic Resistance in Congestive Heart Failure","volume":"3","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Dial (MDPI)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0055","unstructured":"Systematic Review on the Management of Diuretic Resistance in Acute Heart Failure across the Spectrum of Kidney Disease. [PMC12215157]."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4470","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13154470","article-title":"Diuretic Treatment in Heart Failure: A Practical Guide for Clinicians","volume":"13","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12082793","article-title":"Ultrafiltration versus Diuretics on Prognostic Cardiac and Renal Biomarkers in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Tay","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0058","article-title":"Additive Cardiorenal Benefits of Finerenone and SGLT2 Inhibitor Combination Therapy in Diabetic CKD: A Propensity-Matched Real-World Study","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2410659","article-title":"Finerenone with empagliflozin in chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes [CONFIDENCE trial]","volume":"393","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0060","first-page":"147","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in heart failure and acute kidney injury: emerging concepts and controversial dimensions","volume":"14","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408_bib0061","article-title":"Machine learning in cardiovascular risk assessment: Towards a precision medicine approach","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103435","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000}},{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103435","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000}}],"container-title":["Current Problems in Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0146280626001507?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0146280626001507?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:13:55Z","timestamp":1787318035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0146280626001507"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0146280626001507"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-2806"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-2806","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cardiorenal syndrome: pathophysiological crosstalk between heart and kidney","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Problems in Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2026.103408","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103408"}}