{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T23:57:40Z","timestamp":1771977460297,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T07:36:48Z","timestamp":1688197008000},"page":"703-710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Ankle Joint"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Nilin M.","family":"Rao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandler","family":"Ligas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib1","series-title":"Zur Resektion des Kniegelenkes","first-page":"20","author":"Albert","year":"1879"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001838","article-title":"Ankle arthrodesis through an anterior approach","volume":"34","author":"Lindsey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2016.06.006","article-title":"Arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis","volume":"33","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2017.05.011","article-title":"Surgical complications of ankle Joint arthrodesis and ankle arthroplasty procedures","volume":"34","author":"Overley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.15.01341","article-title":"Trends in complication rates following ankle arthrodesis and total ankle replacement","volume":"98","author":"Stavrakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.11138\/ccmbm\/2017.14.1.186","article-title":"Non-unions","volume":"14","author":"Calori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2018.06.006","article-title":"Comparative nonunion rates in triple arthrodesis","volume":"57","author":"Klassen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100716642845","article-title":"Clinical and operative factors related to successful revision arthrodesis in the foot and ankle","volume":"37","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib9","series-title":"McGlamry\u2019s comprehensive textbook of foot and ankle surgery","author":"Carpenter","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2012.11.012","article-title":"Factors associated with nonunion, delayed union, and malunion in foot and ankle surgery in diabetic patients","volume":"52","author":"Shibuya","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.00375","article-title":"The musculoskeletal effects of cigarette smoking","volume":"95","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.02.006","article-title":"Is it worth discriminating against patients who smoke? A systematic literature review on the effects of tobacco use in foot and ankle surgery","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079902000805","article-title":"Ankle fusion in a high risk population: an assessment of nonunion risk factors","volume":"20","author":"Perlman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181889d0d","article-title":"Effects of a perioperative smoking cessation intervention on postoperative complications: a randomized trial","volume":"248","author":"Lindstrom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13715","article-title":"Nationwide access to an internet-based contingency management intervention to promote smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"112","author":"Dallery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100713509240","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with foot and ankle injuries","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001041","article-title":"Vitamin D levels and 1-year fusion outcomes in elective spine surgery: a prospective observational study","volume":"40","author":"Ravindra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.011","article-title":"Risk factors associated with nonunion after elective foot and ankle reconstruction: a case-control study","volume":"56","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1177\/2151458511408568","article-title":"Is supplementation of vitamin D beneficial for fracture healing? A short review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Eschle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2017.12.007","article-title":"Vitamin D levels in 577 consecutive elective foot & ankle surgery patients","volume":"25","author":"Aujla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100715609054","article-title":"Vitamin D status in an elective orthopedic surgical population","volume":"37","author":"Michelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1177\/10711007211068785","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and outcomes after ankle fusion: a short report","volume":"43","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0138","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in adults: When to test and how to treat","volume":"85","author":"Kennel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic proceedings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib24","series-title":"Results from the 2018 national survey on drug use and health: detailed tables","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.07.034","article-title":"Heavy cannabis use is associated with low bone mineral density and an increased risk of fractures","volume":"130","author":"Sophocleous","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1615\/JLongTermEffMedImplants.2018027401","article-title":"Cannabis use increases risk for revision after total knee arthroplasty","volume":"28","author":"Law","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Long Term Eff Med Implants"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2019.11.035","article-title":"Patients who have cannabis use disorder have higher rates of venous thromboemboli, readmission rates, and costs following primary total knee arthroplasty","volume":"35","author":"Vakharia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.21.00184","article-title":"Marijuana in orthopaedics: effects on bone health, wound-healing, surgical complications, and pain management","volume":"10","author":"Heath","year":"2022","journal-title":"JBJS Reviews"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1387","article-title":"A\u00a0review of human studies assessing cannabidiol's (CBD) therapeutic actions and potential","volume":"59","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib30","first-page":"e2021434","article-title":"Locking screw augmentation in hypertrophic nonunion of tibia: a novel surgical technique","volume":"92","author":"Gatti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.50847","article-title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound: fracture healing","volume":"43","author":"Mundi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198567040-00012","article-title":"Treatment of recalcitrant non-union with a capacitively coupled electrical field. A preliminary report","volume":"67","author":"Brighton","year":"1985","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib33","article-title":"Electromagnetic field stimulation for treating delayed union or non-union of long bone fractures in adults","author":"Griffin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib34","first-page":"e1900155","article-title":"Pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation of bone healing and Joint preservation: cellular mechanisms of skeletal response","volume":"4","author":"Cadossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020809","article-title":"Pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation in osteogenesis and chondrogenesis: signaling pathways and therapeutic implications","volume":"22","author":"Varani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.06.006","article-title":"Randomized, prospective, and controlled clinical trial of pulsed electromagnetic field Page 22 of 23 stimulation for cervical fusion","volume":"8","author":"Foley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2004.01.007","article-title":"The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on hindfoot arthrodesis: a prospective study","volume":"43","author":"Dhawan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100716652621","article-title":"Effect on clinical outcome and growth factor synthesis with adjunctive use of pulsed electromagnetic fields for fifth metatarsal nonunion fracture: a double-blind randomized study","volume":"37","author":"Streit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ankle Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.02.012","article-title":"Combined magnetic field results in higher fusion rates than pulsed electromagnetic field bone stimulation after thoracolumbar fusion surgery","volume":"74","author":"Cheaney","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079401500603","article-title":"A\u00a0biomechanical evaluation of three forms of internal fixation used in ankle arthrodesis","volume":"15","author":"Dohm","year":"1994","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2015.04.010","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of a second generation headless compression screw for ankle arthrodesis in a cadaver model","volume":"22","author":"Somberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01767-7","article-title":"Finite element analysis of the initial stability of arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis with three-screw fixation: posteromedial versus posterolateral home-run screw","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070102200708","article-title":"Biomechanical comparison of ankle arthrodesis techniques: crossed screws vs. blade plate","volume":"22","author":"Nasson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2007.0219","article-title":"Anterior plate supplementation increases ankle arthrodesis construct rigidity","volume":"28","author":"Tarkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6407098","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6407098","article-title":"Do systemic factors influence the fate of nonunions to become atrophic? A retrospective analysis of 162 cases","volume":"2019","author":"Rupp","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197209000-00011","article-title":"Muscle pedicle bone grafting of long bones by osteoperiosteal decortication","volume":"87","author":"Judet","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.035","article-title":"Judet osteoperiosteal decortication for treatment of non-union: the Cornwall experience","volume":"43","author":"Guyver","year":"2012","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.4055\/cios20227","article-title":"Osteoperiosteal decortication and autogenous cancellous bone graft combined with bridge plating for non-hypertrophic diaphyseal nonunion","volume":"13","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-015-0378-8","article-title":"Role of autologous platelet-rich plasma in treatment of long-bone nonunions: a prospective study","volume":"99","author":"Malhotra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1866-7","article-title":"Quantitation of progenitor cell populations and growth factors after bone marrow aspirate concentration","volume":"17","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Transl Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-018-0459-3","article-title":"Recent advances and future of gene therapy for bone regeneration","volume":"16","author":"Shapiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891842223000551?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891842223000551?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:01:13Z","timestamp":1760209273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0891842223000551"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0891842223000551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-8422"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-8422","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Ankle Joint","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpm.2023.05.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}