{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:36:38Z","timestamp":1789425398788,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T12:20:45Z","timestamp":1769170845000},"page":"101911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diagnosis across the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) continuum"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1979-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. Eugene","family":"Hoyme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3467-8816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prachi E","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1020-9989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Abdul-Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0001","first-page":"476","article-title":"Les enfants de parents alcooliques: anomalies observ\u00e9es, a propos de 127 cas","volume":"21","author":"Lemoine","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ouest Med"},{"issue":"7815","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91291-9","article-title":"Pattern of malformation in offspring of chronic alcoholic mothers","volume":"1","author":"Jones","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7836","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91092-1","article-title":"Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy","volume":"302","author":"Jones","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0004","first-page":"1181","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"169","author":"Koren","year":"2003","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.22.2996","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"290","author":"Sokol","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0006","series-title":"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment","author":"Stratton","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2171","article-title":"Misdiagnosis and missed diagnoses in foster and adopted children with prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"135","author":"Chasnoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7078.2010.00031.x","article-title":"Infant symbolic play as an early indicator of fetal alcohol-related deficit","volume":"15","author":"Molteno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0009","first-page":"e1","article-title":"The differential diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"21","author":"Leibson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199910000-00012","article-title":"Identifying fetal alcohol syndrome among youth in the criminal justice system","volume":"20","author":"Fast","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0259","article-title":"A practical clinical approach to diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: clarification of the 1996 institute of medicine criteria","volume":"115","author":"Hoyme","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4256","article-title":"Updated clinical guidelines for diagnosing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"138","author":"Hoyme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1040302","article-title":"Public health agency of Canada's national advisory committee on fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis","volume":"172","author":"Chudley","year":"2005","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.141593","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a guideline for diagnosis across the lifespan","volume":"188","author":"Cook","year":"2016","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/35.5.509","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) primary prevention through fas diagnosis: II. A comprehensive profile of 80 birth mothers of children with FAS","volume":"35","author":"Astley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0016","first-page":"e416","article-title":"Validation of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) 4-digit diagnostic code","volume":"20","author":"Astley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00420-x","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"9","author":"Popova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.68","article-title":"Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of FASD from various research methods with an emphasis on recent in-school studies","volume":"15","author":"May","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Disabil Res Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e290","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30021-9","article-title":"Estimation of national, regional, and global prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Popova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00188.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of FASD in a province in Italy: prevalence and characteristics of children in a random sample of schools","volume":"30","author":"May","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.013","article-title":"Maternal alcohol consumption producing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD): quantity, frequency, and timing of drinking","volume":"133","author":"May","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10041547","article-title":"Prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome and maternal characteristics in a sample of schoolchildren from a rural province of Croatia","volume":"10","author":"Petkovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Env Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6 Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2016.v106i6.11009","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: prevalence rates in South Africa","volume":"106","author":"Olivier","year":"2016","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.21896","article-title":"Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in 4 US communities","volume":"319","author":"May","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e980","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0066","article-title":"Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in child care settings: a meta-analysis","volume":"132","author":"Lange","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0026","series-title":"Systematic Review On the Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders","author":"Ospina","year":"2013"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00537.x","article-title":"Medical diagnoses and growth of children residing in Russian orphanages","volume":"96","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1178","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0712","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders in children adopted from eastern Europe","volume":"125","author":"Landgren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404172","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder prevalence estimates in correctional systems: a systematic literature review","volume":"102","author":"Popova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7020364","article-title":"Alcohol abuse in pregnant women: effects on the fetus and newborn, mode of action and maternal treatment","volume":"7","author":"Ornoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Env Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(83)91050-5","article-title":"Disposition of ethanol in human maternal venous blood and amniotic fluid","volume":"146","author":"Brien","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Obs Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90632-5","article-title":"Disposition of ethanol in maternal blood, fetal blood, and amniotic fluid of third-trimester pregnant ewes","volume":"152","author":"Brien","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Obs Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23232","article-title":"Review of ethanol dispersion, distribution, and elimination from the fetal compartment","volume":"100","author":"Heller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res Clin Mol Teratol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211290","article-title":"Amniotic fluid: not just fetal urine anymore","volume":"25","author":"Underwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440490519786","article-title":"Gene-environment interactions: a review of effects on reproduction and development","volume":"34","author":"Cummings","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0036","first-page":"e259","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of ethanol in the maternal-fetal unit","volume":"20","author":"Zelner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810490265450","article-title":"Fetal ADH2*3, maternal alcohol consumption, and fetal growth","volume":"23","author":"Arfsten","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Toxicol"},{"issue":"4523","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6795717","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome: embryogenesis in a mouse model","volume":"214","author":"Sulik","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30150-4","article-title":"Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"18","author":"Wozniak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168785","article-title":"Toxic and teratogenic effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on fetal development, adolescence, and adulthood","volume":"22","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168678","article-title":"Mechanisms of ethanol-induced cerebellar ataxia: underpinnings of neuronal death in the cerebellum","volume":"18","author":"Mitoma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Env Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(02)00324-0","article-title":"Antioxidants and fetal protection against ethanol teratogenicity. I. Review of the experimental data and implications to humans","volume":"25","author":"Cohen-Kerem","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18719-7","article-title":"Acetaldehyde inhibits retinoic acid biosynthesis to mediate alcohol teratogenicity","volume":"8","author":"Shabtai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-02828-0","article-title":"Acetaldehyde induces cytotoxicity via triggering mitochondrial dysfunction and overactive mitophagy","volume":"59","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.156914","article-title":"Embryonic alcohol exposure disrupts the ubiquitin-proteasome system","volume":"7","author":"Weeks","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.133.2.381","article-title":"Alcohol inhibits cell-cell adhesion mediated by human L1","volume":"133","author":"Ramanathan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.08.020","article-title":"Neuroprotective peptide NAPVSIPQ antagonizes ethanol inhibition of L1 adhesion by promoting the dissociation of L1 and ankyrin-G","volume":"87","author":"Dou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5110-07.2008","article-title":"Ethanol consumption during early pregnancy alters the disposition of tangentially migrating GABAergic interneurons in the fetal cortex","volume":"28","author":"Cuzon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024364","article-title":"Effects of ethanol and NAP on cerebellar expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule L1","volume":"6","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16131","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.209254","article-title":"Two alcohol binding residues interact across a domain interface of the L1 neural cell adhesion molecule and regulate cell adhesion","volume":"286","author":"Dou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.23278","article-title":"Insights into retinoic acid deficiency and the induction of craniofacial malformations and microcephaly in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"57","author":"Petrelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2021.09.002","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure disrupts Sonic hedgehog pathway and primary cilia genes in the mouse neural tube","volume":"105","author":"Boschen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2016.09.012","article-title":"Seizures and electroencephalography findings in 61 patients with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"60","author":"Boronat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0054","first-page":"65","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview from the glia perspective","volume":"9","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24735","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory contribution of microglia and astrocytes in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"99","author":"Kane","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14784","article-title":"Evidence for long-lasting alterations in the fecal microbiota following prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"46","author":"Bodnar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlx064","article-title":"Human Brain Abnormalities Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"76","author":"Jarmasz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13066","article-title":"The genetics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"40","author":"Eberhart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5731","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: genetic and epigenetic mechanisms","volume":"40","author":"Kaminen-Ahola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0060","article-title":"Twin study confirms virtually identical prenatal alcohol exposures can lead to markedly different fetal alcohol spectrum disorder outcomes-fetal genetics influences fetal vulnerability","volume":"5","author":"Astley Hemingway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00173","article-title":"Implications of genomic signatures in the differential vulnerability to fetal alcohol exposure in C57BL\/6 and DBA\/2 mice","volume":"5","author":"Lossie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2016-0163","article-title":"Epigenetics studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: where are we now?","volume":"9","author":"Lussier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165081","article-title":"Plasma miRNA profiles in pregnant women predict infant outcomes following prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"11","author":"Balaraman","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13032","article-title":"A comparison among 5 methods for the clinical diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"40","author":"Coles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0065","series-title":"Australian Guide to Diagnosis of FASD","author":"Bower CE","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1080\/13218719.2017.1315784","article-title":"Putting fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) on the map in New Zealand: a review of health, social, political, justice and cultural developments","volume":"24","author":"Gibbs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr Pychol Law"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2013.03.008","article-title":"Diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): German guideline version 2013","volume":"17","author":"Landgraf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7526","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147526","article-title":"Diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs): guidelines of interdisciplinary group of Polish professionals","volume":"18","author":"Okulicz-Kozaryn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Env Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/7.3.147","article-title":"Telemedicine diagnosis for fetal alcohol syndrome - the Manitoba experience","volume":"7","author":"Benoit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14533","article-title":"Use of telemedicine for the physical examination of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"45","author":"Del Campo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.06.016","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a practical clinical approach to diagnosis","volume":"31","author":"Manning","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1734","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1037","article-title":"Accuracy of the diagnosis of physical features of fetal alcohol syndrome by pediatricians after specialized training","volume":"118","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0073","first-page":"e442","article-title":"Screening for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders by nonmedical community workers","volume":"21","author":"O'Connor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23122","article-title":"Periconceptional maternal alcohol consumption and neural tube defects","volume":"97","author":"Makelarski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res Clin Mol Teratol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.5.815","article-title":"Validity of maternal report of prenatal alcohol, cocaine, and smoking in relation to neurobehavioral outcome","volume":"109","author":"Jacobson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-127","article-title":"A comparison of the prevalence of prenatal alcohol exposure obtained via maternal self-reports versus meconium testing: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Lange","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0588-x","article-title":"Maternal pre-pregnancy risk drinking and toddler behavior problems: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study","volume":"23","author":"Knudsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12368","article-title":"Increased cut-point of the TACER-3 screen reduces false positives without losing sensitivity in predicting risk alcohol drinking in pregnancy","volume":"38","author":"Chiodo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3319","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"134","author":"May","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-100102628","article-title":"Cross-cultural evaluation of two drinking assessment instruments: alcohol timeline followback and inventory of drinking situations","volume":"36","author":"Sobell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0775","article-title":"Fetal alcohol growth restriction and cognitive impairment","volume":"138","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2141","article-title":"Early-life predictors of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"144","author":"Kalberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14656","article-title":"Gestational age and birth growth parameters as early predictors of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"45","author":"Hasken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2916","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32009","article-title":"Relationship between dysmorphic features and general cognitive function in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"143A","author":"Ervalahti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.62738","article-title":"Characteristic physical traits of first-grade children in the United States with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and associated alcohol and drug exposures","volume":"188","author":"May","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2017-000137","article-title":"Digital assessment of the fetal alcohol syndrome facial phenotype: reliability and agreement study","volume":"1","author":"Tsang","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.37023","article-title":"A South African mixed race lip\/philtrum guide for diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"167A","author":"Hoyme","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33675","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: extending the range of structural defects","volume":"152A","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med GenetA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0089","series-title":"Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14040","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a review of the neurobehavioral deficits associated with prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"43","author":"Mattson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14570","article-title":"A validation study of the alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorders behavioral checklist","volume":"45","author":"Klug","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0092","article-title":"Characteristics of the symptoms of the proposed ND-PAE disorder in first grade children in a community sample","author":"Kable","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2016.09.013","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorder associated with prenatal exposure to alcohol (ND-PAE): a proposed diagnostic method of capturing the neurocognitive phenotype of FASD","volume":"60","author":"Kable","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Med Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-015-0566-7","article-title":"Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE): proposed DSM-5 diagnosis","volume":"47","author":"Kable","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01519.x","article-title":"Increased cell death and reduced neural crest cell numbers in ethanol-exposed embryos: partial basis for the fetal alcohol syndrome phenotype","volume":"19","author":"Cartwright","year":"1995","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01007.x","article-title":"Stage-dependent effects of ethanol on cranial neural crest cell development: partial basis for the phenotypic variations observed in fetal alcohol syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Cartwright","year":"1995","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12360","article-title":"An evolutionarily conserved mechanism of calcium-dependent neurotoxicity in a zebrafish model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"38","author":"Flentke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.35672","article-title":"Diagnostic outcomes of 27 children referred by pediatricians to a genetics clinic in the Netherlands with suspicion of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"161A","author":"Abdelmalik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-302125","article-title":"Diagnosing fetal alcohol syndrome: new insights from newer genetic technologies","volume":"97","author":"Douzgou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0100","series-title":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Advances in Research and Practice","first-page":"77","volume":"188","author":"McKay","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200304000-00002","article-title":"Children of alcoholic parents\u2013observed anomalies: discussion of 127 cases","volume":"25","author":"Lemoine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e779","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1371","article-title":"Facial dysmorphism across the fetal alcohol spectrum","volume":"131","author":"Suttie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460150065025","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome in adolescents and adults","volume":"265","author":"Streissguth","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14534","article-title":"Evolution of the physical phenotype of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders from childhood through adolescence","volume":"45","author":"Jacobson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043067","article-title":"Ethanol-induced face-brain dysmorphology patterns are correlative and exposure-stage dependent","volume":"7","author":"Lipinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1553","article-title":"Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"138","author":"Hagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-015-0054-6","article-title":"Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE): review of evidence and guidelines for assessment","volume":"2","author":"Doyle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Dev Disord Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1300\/J251v06n04_07","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure and infant behavior: immediate effects and implications for later development","volume":"6","author":"Coles","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00744.x","article-title":"Teratogenic effects of alcohol on infant development","volume":"17","author":"Jacobson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00097.x","article-title":"Screening for pregnancy risk-drinking","volume":"18","author":"Russell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2000.61.607","article-title":"Early identification of risk for effects of prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"61","author":"Coles","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1989.tb21013.x","article-title":"Neurobehavioral dose-response effects of prenatal alcohol exposure in humans from infancy to adulthood","volume":"562","author":"Streissguth","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann N Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12240","article-title":"Infant emotional withdrawal: a precursor of affective and cognitive disturbance in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"38","author":"Molteno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00250.x","article-title":"Comparison of motor delays in young children with fetal alcohol syndrome to those with prenatal alcohol exposure and with no prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"30","author":"Kalberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e192","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3733","article-title":"Gross motor deficits in children prenatally exposed to alcohol: a meta-analysis","volume":"134","author":"Lucas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2008.09.004","article-title":"Impaired language performance in young children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"31","author":"McGee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2005.02.004","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol and cocaine exposure: influences on cognition, speech, language, and hearing","volume":"38","author":"Cone-Wesson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Commun Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01769.x","article-title":"Delays in auditory processing identified in preschool children with FASD","volume":"36","author":"Stephen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2014.933792","article-title":"Executive functioning deficits in preschool children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"21","author":"Fugelstad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12182","article-title":"Early fetal binge alcohol exposure predicts high behavioral symptom scores in 5.5-year-old children","volume":"37","author":"Alvik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2010.01152.x","article-title":"An evaluation of social skills in children with and without prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"37","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2038","article-title":"Sleep problems in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01177.x","article-title":"Sensory processing and adaptive behavior deficits of children across the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder continuum","volume":"34","author":"Carr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21260","article-title":"Regional brain volume reductions relate to facial dysmorphology and neurocognitive function in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"33","author":"Roussotte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e468","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3002","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure and educational achievement in children aged 8-9 years","volume":"132","author":"O'Leary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22772","article-title":"Volume changes and brain-behavior relationships in white matter and subcortical gray matter in children with prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"36","author":"Gautam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13045","article-title":"Prospective memory impairment in children with prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"40","author":"Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2014.01.007","article-title":"Correspondence of parent report and laboratory measures of inattention and hyperactivity in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"42","author":"Glass","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2542","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure, FASD, and child behavior: a meta-analysis","volume":"137","author":"Tsang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01661.x","article-title":"A review of social skills deficits in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and prenatal alcohol exposure: profiles, mechanisms, and interventions","volume":"36","author":"Kully-Martens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2014.993310","article-title":"Emotion recognition in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"22","author":"Kerns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.08.003","article-title":"The adolescent brain","volume":"28","author":"Casey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-015-0053-7","article-title":"What happens when children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders become adults?","volume":"2","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Dev Disord Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0134","first-page":"61","article-title":"The challenge of fetal alcohol syndrome in adult offender populations","volume":"14","author":"Boland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Forum Correc Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21129","article-title":"Impact of fetal alcohol exposure on body systems: a systematic review","volume":"108","author":"Caputo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0136","series-title":"Management of Genetic Syndromes","first-page":"363","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","author":"Chudley","year":"2010"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0137","article-title":"Children with FASD-evolving patterns of developmental problems and intervention costs in ages 0 through 16 in Finland","volume":"10","author":"Jolma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child (Basel)"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2223","article-title":"Vision outcomes in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"115","author":"Lyubasyuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/13556210410001717024","article-title":"Visual impairment and ocular abnormalities in children with fetal alcohol syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Stromland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2022.2123004","article-title":"Eye abnormalities in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Tsang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2021-000852","article-title":"The FASD eye code: a complementary diagnostic tool in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"6","author":"Aring","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2022-001215","article-title":"Visual and ocular findings in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD): validating the FASD eye code in a clinical setting","volume":"8","author":"Ayoub","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.11.016","article-title":"Ear abnormalities among children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"242","author":"Cheung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"139","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197903000-00008","article-title":"The orthopedic aspects of the fetal alcohol syndrome","author":"Spiegel","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0145","article-title":"Increased incidence of renal and urinary tract anomalies among individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)","author":"Dylag","year":"2023","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911_bib0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-014-0020-8","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: recent neuroimaging findings","volume":"1","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Dev Disord Rep"}],"container-title":["Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1538544225001853?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1538544225001853?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T12:33:05Z","timestamp":1771590785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1538544225001853"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1538544225001853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911","relation":{},"ISSN":["1538-5442"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1538-5442","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnosis across the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) continuum","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cppeds.2025.101911","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101911"}}