{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:46:25Z","timestamp":1788929185909,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]],"date-time":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1162339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]],"date-time":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1162339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Psychology Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,10]],"date-time":"2006-02-10T07:29:52Z","timestamp":1139556592000},"page":"857-875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":163,"title":["Is conditioning a useful framework for understanding the development and treatment of phobias?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Andy P.","family":"Field","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Super-learning of causal judgements","volume":"53","author":"Aitken","year":"2000","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. Section B, Comparative and Physiological Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.139.1.38","article-title":"Identification of features associated with flying phobia in aircrew","volume":"139","author":"Aitken","year":"1981","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib3","series-title":"Vicarious learning and the development of fear in children","author":"Askew","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib4","series-title":"Aversive conditioning and learning","first-page":"3","article-title":"Autonomic aversive conditioning in infrahuman subjects","author":"Black","year":"1971"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10769943","article-title":"Context, ambiguity, and classical-conditioning","volume":"3","author":"Bouton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","article-title":"A modern learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder","volume":"108","author":"Bouton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(91)90091-8","article-title":"Sources of relapse after extinction in Pavlovian and instrumental learning","volume":"11","author":"Bouton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib8","first-page":"169","article-title":"An attempt to modify the emotional attitudes of infants by the conditioned response technique","volume":"45","author":"Bregman","year":"1932","journal-title":"Journal of Genetic Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(96)00089-7","article-title":"The fear survey schedule for children: 2. A psychometric investigation with American data","volume":"35","author":"Burnham","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1037\/h0042582","article-title":"Characteristics of a conditioned-response in human-subjects during extinction trials following a single traumatic conditioning trial","volume":"68","author":"Campbell","year":"1964","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198486","article-title":"Cue interaction in human contingency judgement","volume":"18","author":"Chapman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Memory and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194331","article-title":"Momentary and integrative response strategies in causal judgment","volume":"30","author":"Collins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Memory and Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(89)90119-8","article-title":"Dental phobias and anxieties\u2014evidence for conditioning processes in the acquisition and modulation of a learned fear","volume":"27","author":"Davey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib14","series-title":"Ecological learning theory","author":"Davey","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/08917779208248798","article-title":"Characteristics of individuals with fear of spiders","volume":"4","author":"Davey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anxiety Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib16","series-title":"Phobias: A handbook of theory, research and treatment","first-page":"301","article-title":"A conditioning model of phobias","author":"Davey","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90130-M","article-title":"UCS inflation in the aetiology of a variety of anxiety disorders: Some case histories","volume":"31","author":"Davey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748308400899","article-title":"The effects of postconditioning revaluation of CS1 and UCS following Pavlovian second-order electrodermal conditioning in humans","volume":"35B","author":"Davey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/02724990042000010","article-title":"Causal learning: An associative analysis","volume":"54B","author":"Dickinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748408401502","article-title":"Judgment of act-outcome contingency: The role of selective attribution","volume":"36A","author":"Dickinson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930441000265","article-title":"Associative learning of likes and dislikes: Some current controversies and possible ways forward","volume":"19","author":"De Houwer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/02724990244000034","article-title":"A review of recent developments in research and theories on human contingency learning","volume":"55B","author":"De Houwer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(88)90005-8","article-title":"Etiology and maintenance of dog fears","volume":"26","author":"Dinardo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.52.6.1028","article-title":"Lightening-strike disaster: Effects on children's fears and worries","volume":"52","author":"Dollinger","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib25","first-page":"289","article-title":"Retrospective revaluation or mediated conditioning? The effect of different reinforcers","volume":"52","author":"Dwyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. Section B, Comparative and Physiological Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib26","first-page":"145","article-title":"Mediated conditioning and retrospective revaluation with LiCl then flavour pairings","volume":"54","author":"Dwyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. Section B, Comparative and Physiological Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib27","first-page":"56","article-title":"Learning about cues in their absence: Evidence from flavour preferences and aversions","volume":"56","author":"Dwyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. Section B, Comparative and Physiological Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.24.2.163","article-title":"Simultaneous activation of the representations of absent cues results in the formation of an excitatory association between them","volume":"24","author":"Dwyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00061653","article-title":"The conditioning model of neurosis","volume":"2","author":"Eysenck","year":"1979","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib30","series-title":"Does fear information create fear beliefs about animals and social situations in children?","author":"Field","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib31","series-title":"Indirect pathways to fear in children: Are fear information and vicarious learning viable pathways to fear?","author":"Field","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib32","unstructured":"Field, A. P. (in preparation). The consistency of fear information and its effect on children's fear beliefs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(00)00080-2","article-title":"Who's afraid of the big bad wolf: A prospective paradigm to test Rachman's indirect pathways in children","volume":"39","author":"Field","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib34","series-title":"Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Research, assessment and intervention","first-page":"187","article-title":"Conditioning models of childhood anxiety","author":"Field","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00050-5","article-title":"Fear information and social phobic beliefs in children: A prospective paradigm and preliminary results","volume":"41","author":"Field","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00034-2","article-title":"Fear information and the development of fears during childhood: Effects on implicit fear responses and behavioural avoidance","volume":"41","author":"Field","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib37","unstructured":"Field, A. P., Lawson, J., and Banerjee (submitted for publication). The longitudinal effects of fear information on implicit and explicit fear beliefs in children."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib38","series-title":"Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory","first-page":"3","article-title":"Biological constraints on conditioning","author":"Garcia","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00013-4","article-title":"Mother knows best: Effects of maternal modelling on the acquisition of fear and avoidance behaviour in children","volume":"40","author":"Gerull","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00920.x","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of a revised fear survey schedule for children and adolescents","volume":"33","author":"Gullone","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(00)00137-6","article-title":"Different hippocampal molecular requirements for short- and long-term retrieval of one-trial avoidance learning","volume":"111","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(00)00286-2","article-title":"Novelty enhances retrieval of one-trial avoidance learning in rats 1 or 31 days after training unless the hippocampus is inactivated by different receptor antagonists and enzyme inhibitors","volume":"117","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib43","series-title":"Miami symposium on the prediction of behavior: Aversive stimulation","first-page":"9","article-title":"\u2018Attention-like\u2019 processes in classical conditioning","author":"Kamin","year":"1968"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00015-1","article-title":"Etiology of childhood phobias: Current status of Rachman's three pathways theory","volume":"36","author":"King","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1006\/jmps.2000.1354","article-title":"Toward a unified model of attention in associative learning","volume":"45","author":"Kruschke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03213001","article-title":"Blocking and backward blocking involve learned inattention","volume":"7","author":"Kruschke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review"},{"issue":"549","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.119.549.151","article-title":"Dental phobia","volume":"119","author":"Lautch","year":"1971","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib48","first-page":"193","article-title":"The role of associative history in models of associative learning: A selective review and a hybrid model","volume":"57","author":"Le Pelley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. Section B, Comparative and Physiological Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib49","first-page":"68","article-title":"Learned associability and associative change in human causal learning","volume":"56B","author":"Le Pelley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. Section B, Comparative and Physiological Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(78)90035-9","article-title":"Thunderstorm phobias","volume":"16","author":"Liddell","year":"1978","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.107.1.195","article-title":"Is causal induction based on causal power? Critique of Cheng (1997)","volume":"107","author":"Lober","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1037\/h0034425","article-title":"Latent inhibition","volume":"79","author":"Lubow","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046700","article-title":"Latent inhibition\u2014the effect of nonreinforced pre-exposure to the conditional stimulus","volume":"52","author":"Lubow","year":"1959","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib54","series-title":"Constraints of learning","first-page":"75","article-title":"Stimulus selection: learning to ignore stimuli that predict no change in reinforcement","author":"Mackintosh","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076778","article-title":"A theory of attention: Variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement","volume":"82","author":"Mackintosh","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib56","series-title":"Conditioning and associative learning","author":"Mackintosh","year":"1983"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90131-D","article-title":"The etiology of childhood water phobia","volume":"31","author":"Menzies","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90093-A","article-title":"The etiology of fear of heights and its relationship to severity and individual-response patterns","volume":"31","author":"Menzies","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/10615809408249354","article-title":"Retrospective studies of the origins of phobias: A review","volume":"7","author":"Menzies","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anxiety, Stress, and Coping"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(96)00014-1","article-title":"The etiology of specific phobias: A review","volume":"16","author":"Merckelbach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.122.1.23","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in the observational conditioning of fear","volume":"122","author":"Mineka","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology. General"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00137-1","article-title":"Fear of the beast: A prospective study on the effects of negative information on childhood fear","volume":"41","author":"Muris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1037\/h0078388","article-title":"One-trial learning and superior resistance to extinction of autonomic responses conditioned to potentially phobic stimuli","volume":"88","author":"\u00d6hman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.483","article-title":"Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning","volume":"108","author":"\u00d6hman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(91)90039-6","article-title":"Origins of childhood fears\u2014an evaluation of Rachman theory of fear acquisition","volume":"29","author":"Ollendick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(81)90134-0","article-title":"Acquisition of phobias and anxiety response patterns in clinical patients","volume":"19","author":"\u00d6st","year":"1981","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.69.5.814","article-title":"One-session treatment of specific phobias in youths: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"69","author":"\u00d6st","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib68","series-title":"Conditioned reflexes","author":"Pavlov","year":"1927"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.111","article-title":"Theories of associative learning in animals","volume":"52","author":"Pearce","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.6.532","article-title":"A model for Pavlovian learning: variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not unconditioned stimuli","volume":"87","author":"Pearce","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1080\/02724980244000738","article-title":"Normative and descriptive accounts of the influence of power and contingency on causal judgement","volume":"56","author":"Perales","year":"2003","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. A, Human Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209691","article-title":"Conditioned defensive burying in rats\u2014availability of burying materials","volume":"7","author":"Pinel","year":"1979","journal-title":"Animal Learning & Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib73","series-title":"Phobias: Their nature and control","author":"Rachman","year":"1968"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(77)90041-9","article-title":"Conditioning theory of fear-acquisition\u2014critical-examination","volume":"15","author":"Rachman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0025984","article-title":"Probability of shock in presence and absence of Cs in fear conditioning","volume":"66","author":"Rescorla","year":"1968","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0023-9690(71)90002-6","article-title":"Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement following prior inhibitory conditioning","volume":"2","author":"Rescorla","year":"1971","journal-title":"Learning and Motivation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1037\/h0035964","article-title":"Effect of inflation of the unconditioned stimulus value following conditioning","volume":"86","author":"Rescorla","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib78","series-title":"Pavlovian second-order conditioning: Studies in associative learning","author":"Rescorla","year":"1980"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.43.3.151","article-title":"Pavlovian conditioning: It's not what you think it is","volume":"43","author":"Rescorla","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197896","article-title":"Combinations of modulators trained with the same and different target stimuli","volume":"19","author":"Rescorla","year":"1991","journal-title":"Animal Learning & Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib81","first-page":"325","article-title":"Associative changes with a random CS\u2013US relationship","volume":"53","author":"Rescorla","year":"2000","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. Section B, Comparative and Physiological Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib82","series-title":"Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory","first-page":"64","article-title":"A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and non-reinforcement","author":"Rescorla","year":"1972"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(71)80064-3","article-title":"Phobias and preparedness","volume":"2","author":"Seligman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib84","series-title":"The psychology of learning and motivation","volume":"vol. 34","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1037\/h0049385","article-title":"Discriminative classical conditioning in dogs paralyzed by curare can later control discriminative avoidance response in the normal state","volume":"69","author":"Soloman","year":"1962","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib86","series-title":"The psychology of early childhood","author":"Valentine","year":"1946"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0069608","article-title":"Conditioned emotional reactions","volume":"3","author":"Watson","year":"1920","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00044-X","article-title":"Origins of common fears\u2014effects on severity, anxiety responses and memories of onset","volume":"33","author":"Withers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-196103000-00001","article-title":"The systematic desensitization treatment of neurosis","volume":"132","author":"Wolpe","year":"1961","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous Mental disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00845.x","article-title":"The \u2018Jupiter\u2019 sinking: Effects in children's fears, depression and anxiety","volume":"31","author":"Yule","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Clinical Psychology Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272735805001637?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272735805001637?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T03:57:35Z","timestamp":1759463855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0272735805001637"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0272735805001637"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-7358","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Is conditioning a useful framework for understanding the development and treatment of phobias?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Psychology Review","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}