{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T16:28:16Z","timestamp":1794241696551,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]],"date-time":"2008-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]],"date-time":"2008-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Psychology Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,15]],"date-time":"2008-04-15T09:14:21Z","timestamp":1208250861000},"page":"1021-1037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":433,"title":["Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: A meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Kate B.","family":"Wolitzky-Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Horowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark B.","family":"Powers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Telch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.65.1.44","article-title":"Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: A quantitative review","volume":"65","author":"Abramowitz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib3","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association (APA)","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib4","series-title":"Anxiety and its disorders","first-page":"380","article-title":"Specific phobias","author":"Antony","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(73)90071-5","article-title":"Self-directed desensitization for acrophobia","volume":"11","author":"Baker","year":"1973","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib6","series-title":"Evidence and experience in psychiatry","first-page":"179","article-title":"Psychotherapeutic interventions for phobias: A review","volume":"Vol. 7","author":"Barlow","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib7","series-title":"A guide to treatments that work","article-title":"Psychosocial treatments for panic disorders, phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder","author":"Barlow","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(96)00030-8","article-title":"Effects of eye movement desensitization versus no treatment on repeated measures of fear of spiders","volume":"10","author":"*Bates","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(90)90002-3","article-title":"Emotional processing and fear measurement synchrony as indicators of treatment outcome in fear of flying","volume":"21","author":"*Beckham","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib10","series-title":"Comprehensive meta-analysis (version 2)","author":"Borenstein","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(92)90067-Q","article-title":"The reduction of claustrophobia: I","volume":"30","author":"*Booth","year":"1992","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(80)90033-9","article-title":"An investigation of various performance-based treatments with acrophobics","volume":"18","author":"Bourque","year":"1980","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.87.3.442","article-title":"Statistical versus traditional procedures for summarizing research findings","volume":"87","author":"Cooper","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.10.002","article-title":"Treatment of specific phobia in adults","volume":"27","author":"Choy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib16","series-title":"Anxiety disorders","author":"Craske","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)P4441-V","article-title":"Treatment of claustrophobia and snake\/spider phobias: Fear of arousal and fear of context","volume":"33","author":"Craske","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib18","series-title":"Phobias: A handbook of theory, research, and treatment","article-title":"A comparison of behavioral and cognitive treatments for phobias","author":"Craske","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib19","first-page":"212","article-title":"Specific fears and phobias","volume":"173","author":"Curtis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiology and classification. The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00027-U","article-title":"One-session cognitive treatment of dental phobia: Preparing dental phobics for treatment by restructuring negative cognitions","volume":"33","author":"*de Jongh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7916(01)00019-2","article-title":"Computer-aided vicarious exposure versus live graded exposure for spider phobia in children","volume":"32","author":"Dewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00023-7","article-title":"Virtual reality treatment versus exposure in vivo: A comparative evaluation in acrophobia","volume":"40","author":"*Emmelkamp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(77)90043-2","article-title":"Is horror a necessary component of flooding (implosion)?","volume":"15","author":"*Foa","year":"1977","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00068-7","article-title":"Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: a controlled study","volume":"40","author":"*Garcia-Palacios","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(77)90044-4","article-title":"The determination of optimal exposure to phobic stimuli in flooding therapy","volume":"15","author":"*Gauthier","year":"1977","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(00)80041-6","article-title":"Controlled comparison of computer-aided vicarious exposure versus live exposure in the treatment of spider phobia","volume":"31","author":"*Gilroy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib27","unstructured":"Gitin, N. M., Herbert, J. D., & Schmidt, C. (1996). One-session in vivo exposure for ondontophobia. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New York, NY."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib28","first-page":"291","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological treatment for social phobia: A meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Gould","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(95)00048-8","article-title":"A meta-analysis of treatment outcome for panic disorder","volume":"15","author":"Gould","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(88)72435-4","article-title":"The fear of choking: Three successfully treated cases","volume":"29","author":"Greenberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1375\/bech.18.2.103","article-title":"Controlled comparison of single-session treatments for spider phobia: Live graded exposure alone versus computer-aided vicarious exposure","volume":"18","author":"*Heading","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behaviour Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1017\/S0141347300017961","article-title":"Emotional processing in the treatment of simple phobia: A comparison of imaginal and in vivo exposure","volume":"18","author":"*Hecker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behavioural Psychotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib33","series-title":"Statistical methods for meta-analysis","author":"Hedges","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00060-7","article-title":"One versus five sessions of applied tension in the treatment of blood phobia","volume":"34","author":"*Hellstrom","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00028-V","article-title":"One-session therapist directed exposure versus two forms of manual directed self-exposure in the treatment of spider phobia","volume":"33","author":"Hellstrom","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076740","article-title":"Effect of subject control and graduated exposure on snake phobias","volume":"43","author":"Hepner","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327590IJHC1602_08","article-title":"Interfaces that heal: Coupling real and virtual objects to treat spider phobia","volume":"16","author":"*Hoffman","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(93)90026-S","article-title":"The rapid treatment of a young man's balloon (noise) phobia using in vivo flooding","volume":"24","author":"Houlihan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(83)80078-1","article-title":"The nature and treatment of fear of flying: A controlled investigation","volume":"14","author":"Howard","year":"1983","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00147-3","article-title":"Effects of distraction and guided threat reappraisal on fear reduction during exposure treatments for specific fears","volume":"38","author":"*Kamphuis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age of onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(83)80075-6","article-title":"The role of expectancy in fear reduction","volume":"14","author":"*Kirsch","year":"1983","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)90161-9","article-title":"Acquisition of blood, injury, and needle fears and phobias","volume":"32","author":"Kleinknecht","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.10.005","article-title":"Comparison of behavioral and cognitive-behavioral one-session exposure treatments for small animal phobias","volume":"42","author":"*Koch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib46","series-title":"Practical meta-analysis","author":"Lipsey","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib47","series-title":"Advances en el tratamiento psicolico de los trastornos de ansiedad","article-title":"Tratamiento de exposision en la agorafobia y el panico","author":"Marks","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.153.5.650","article-title":"Drugs and psychological treatments for agoraphobia\/panic and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorders: A review","volume":"153","author":"Marks","year":"1988","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib49","first-page":"329","article-title":"Dental fears, health status, and quality of life","volume":"23","author":"Mehrstedt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Verhaltenstherapie & Verhaltensmedizin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90037-U","article-title":"A comparison of in vivo and vicarious exposure in the treatment of childhood water phobia","volume":"31","author":"Menzies","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1994.tb01812.x","article-title":"Group therapy compared with individual desensitization for dental anxiety","volume":"22","author":"Moore","year":"1994","journal-title":"Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(00)00076-0","article-title":"Repeated exposure of flight phobics to flight in virtual reality","volume":"39","author":"*Muhlberger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465898000095","article-title":"Trait anxiety as a predictor of behaviour therapy outcome in spider phobia","volume":"26","author":"Muris","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib57","first-page":"39","article-title":"Treating spider phobics with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A controlled study","volume":"25","author":"*Muris","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behavioural and Cognitive Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820140017002","article-title":"Use of services by persons with mental and addictive disorders: Findings from the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiological Catchment Area Program","volume":"50","author":"Narrow","year":"1993","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01089776","article-title":"Change mechanisms in cognitive therapy of a simple phobia: Logical analysis and empirical hypothesis testing","volume":"11","author":"*O'Donahue","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Rational-Emotive Therapy & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(78)90067-0","article-title":"Behavioral treatment of thunder and lightening phobias","volume":"16","author":"\u00d6st","year":"1978","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(78)90009-8","article-title":"Fading vs. systematic desensitization in the treatment of snake and spider phobia","volume":"16","author":"*\u00d6st","year":"1978","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(89)90113-7","article-title":"One-session treatment for specific phobia","volume":"27","author":"\u00d6st","year":"1989","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00022-8","article-title":"One-session group treatment of spider phobia","volume":"34","author":"\u00d6st","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00176-X","article-title":"One vs five sessions of exposure and five session of cognitive therapy in treatment of claustrophobia","volume":"39","author":"*\u00d6st","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00077-6","article-title":"One versus five sessions of exposure in the treatment of flying phobia","volume":"35","author":"\u00d6st","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(91)90006-O","article-title":"Applied tension, exposure in vivo, and tension only in the treatment of blood phobia","volume":"29","author":"\u00d6st","year":"1991","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00028-4","article-title":"One session group therapy of spider phobia: Direct versus indirect treatments","volume":"35","author":"\u00d6st","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(05)80385-5","article-title":"One versus five sessions of exposure in the treatment on injection phobia","volume":"23","author":"*\u00d6st","year":"1992","journal-title":"Behaviour Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(82)90066-3","article-title":"Individual response patterns and the effects of different behavioral methods in treatment of claustrophobia","volume":"20","author":"*\u00d6st","year":"1982","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(84)90001-9","article-title":"Exposure in vivo vs. applied relaxation in the treatment of blood phobia","volume":"22","author":"\u00d6st","year":"1984","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(05)80374-0","article-title":"One-session therapist directed exposure versus self-exposure in the treatment of spider phobia","volume":"22","author":"*\u00d6st","year":"1991","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(89)90069-7","article-title":"Applied tension, applied relaxation, and the combination in the treatment of blood phobia","volume":"27","author":"\u00d6st","year":"1989","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(83)90074-5","article-title":"A comparison of negative practice and systematic desensitization in treatment of acrophobia","volume":"14","author":"*Pendleton","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Behaviour Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(96)90025-5","article-title":"Emotional processing during eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy of Vietnam veterans with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"37","author":"Pitman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.3.448","article-title":"Disentangling the effects of safety behavior utilization and availability during exposure-based treatment: A placebo-controlled study","volume":"72","author":"*Powers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.173.3.2682775","article-title":"Evaluation of three psychologic interventions to reduce anxiety during MR imaging","volume":"173","author":"Quirk","year":"1989","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820140007001","article-title":"The de facto US mental and addictive disorders service system: Epidemiologic catchment area prospective 1-year prevalence rates of disorders and service","volume":"50","author":"Regier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90023-X","article-title":"Eye movement desensitization: A partial dismantling study","volume":"25","author":"Renfrey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00041-X","article-title":"Active-imaginal exposure: Examination of a new behavioral treatment for cynophobia (dog phobia)","volume":"41","author":"*Rentz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/10503309112331334031","article-title":"Quality-weighting of studies in meta-analytic research","volume":"1","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychotherapy Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.4.626","article-title":"Effectiveness of computer-generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia","volume":"152","author":"*Rothbaum","year":"1995","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.6.1020","article-title":"A controlled study of virtual reality exposure therapy for fear of flying","volume":"68","author":"*Rothbaum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib83","first-page":"701","article-title":"Effects of an expanding-spaced vs. massed exposure schedule on fear reduction and return of fear","volume":"71","author":"Rowe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib84","first-page":"719","article-title":"Effects of varied-stimulus exposure training on fear reduction and return of fear","volume":"71","author":"Rowe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(89)90025-6","article-title":"Eye movement desensitization: A new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"20","author":"Shapiro","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib86","series-title":"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols, and procedures","author":"Shapiro","year":"1995"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00007-9","article-title":"The effects of safety-seeking behavior on and guided threat reappraisal on fear reduction during exposure: An experimental investigation","volume":"40","author":"*Sloan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib88","unstructured":"Smits, J.A., Powers, M., & Telch, M. Facilitating public speaking fear reduction by increasing the salience of disconfirmatory evidence. Manuscript submitted for publication."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02354458","article-title":"The potential role of state-dependent learning in cognitive therapy with spider phobics","volume":"13","author":"*Szymanski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2004.03.004","article-title":"Fear activation and distraction during the emotional processing of claustrophobic fear","volume":"35","author":"Telch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib91","series-title":"Evidence and experience in psychiatry","article-title":"Pushing the envelope in treating clinical phobias","volume":"Vol 7","author":"Telch","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(05)81665-4","article-title":"Subjective experiences of magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"41","author":"Thorp","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clinical Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01321321","article-title":"Conceptual, methodological, and clinical issues in the assessment of anxiety disorders","volume":"6","author":"Turner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(94)90033-7","article-title":"A meta-analysis on the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: A comparison of antidepressants, behavioural, and cognitive therapies","volume":"14","author":"van Balkom","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.69.6.875","article-title":"A multi-dimensional meta-analysis of treatments for depression, panic, and generalized anxiety disorder: An empirical examination of the status of empirically supported therapies","volume":"69","author":"Westen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.53.2.237","article-title":"Guided mastery and performance desensitization treatments for severe acrophobia","volume":"53","author":"*Williams","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib95","series-title":"Panic and Phobias","article-title":"Natural course and spontaneous remissions of untreated anxiety disorder: Results of the Munich Follow-up Study (MFS)","author":"Wittchen","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005928","article-title":"Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescent and young adults","volume":"28","author":"Wittchen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib97","unstructured":"Wolitzky & Telch (in press). Augmenting in vivo exposure with fear antagonistic action strategies: A preliminary test. Behavior Therapy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1954.02330020073007","article-title":"Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition as the main basis of psychotherapeutic effects","volume":"72","author":"Wolpe","year":"1958","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007_bib99","series-title":"The practice of behavior therapy","author":"Wolpe","year":"1973"}],"container-title":["Clinical Psychology Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272735808000639?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272735808000639?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T04:01:40Z","timestamp":1759464100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0272735808000639"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0272735808000639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-7358","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: A meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Psychology Review","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}