{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:40:45Z","timestamp":1792017645122,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Psychology Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,12]],"date-time":"2015-12-12T00:09:58Z","timestamp":1449878998000},"page":"58-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":193,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Withdrawal symptoms in internet gaming disorder: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0679-7359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dean","family":"Kaptsis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul H.","family":"Delfabbro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gradisar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.3.381","article-title":"The development of the self in the era of the internet and role-playing fantasy games","volume":"163","author":"Allison","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0010","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th Ed.) (DSM-5)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.1.33","article-title":"Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement","volume":"111","author":"Baker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0020","first-page":"1443","article-title":"Alcohol withdrawal syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Baynard","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-012-9405-2","article-title":"A qualitative analysis of online gaming addicts in treatment","volume":"11","author":"Beranuy","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-006-9028-6","article-title":"EverQuest \u2014 It's just a computer game right? An interpretative phenomenological analysis of online gaming addiction","volume":"4","author":"Chappell","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2005.07.002","article-title":"Distinguishing addiction and high engagement in the context of online game playing","volume":"23","author":"Charlton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0040","unstructured":"Danforth, I. D. W. (2003). Addiction to online games: Classification and personality correlates. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Whitman College, Washington."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036417","article-title":"The development of the problematic online gaming questionnaire (POGQ)","volume":"7","author":"Demetrovics","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2008.05.009","article-title":"Internet addiction: Meta-synthesis of qualitative research for the decade 1996\u20132006","volume":"24","author":"Douglas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1986.tb00313.x","article-title":"The alcohol dependence syndrome: A concept as stimulus to enquiry","volume":"81","author":"Edwards","year":"1986","journal-title":"British Journal of Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.09.005","article-title":"A meta-analysis of pathological gaming prevalence and comorbidity with mental health, academic and social problems","volume":"45","author":"Ferguson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(94)90010-8","article-title":"Identifying video game addiction in children and adolescents","volume":"19","author":"Fisher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2010.491884","article-title":"Introduction to behavioral addictions","volume":"36","author":"Grant","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1089\/109493100316067","article-title":"Does internet and computer \u201caddiction\u201d exist? Some case study evidence","volume":"3","author":"Griffiths","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology & Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/14659890500114359","article-title":"A components model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework","volume":"10","author":"Griffiths","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Use"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-009-9229-x","article-title":"The role of context in online gaming excess and addiction: Some case study evidence","volume":"8","author":"Griffiths","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1998.82.2.475","article-title":"Dependence on computer games by adolescents","volume":"82","author":"Griffiths","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2217\/npy.13.82","article-title":"DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder needs a unified approach to assessment","volume":"4","author":"Griffiths","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0100","article-title":"Working towards an international consensus on criteria for assessing Internet Gaming Disorder: A critical commentary on Petry et al. (2014)","author":"Griffiths","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020023","article-title":"Bupropion sustained release treatment decreases craving for video games and cue-induced brain activity in patients with internet video game addiction","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environmental and Clinical Psychopharmocology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.02.011","article-title":"The effect of family therapy on the changes in the severity of on-line game play and brain activity in adolescents with on-line game addiction","volume":"202","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.08.011","article-title":"The effect of methylphenidate on internet video game play in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"50","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800030107013","article-title":"Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal","volume":"43","author":"Hughes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2009.0059","article-title":"The attitudes, feelings, and experiences of online gamers: A qualitative analysis","volume":"12","author":"Hussain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology & Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(00)00261-6","article-title":"Nicotine blood levels and subjective cravings for cigarettes","volume":"66","author":"Jarvik","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359.2014.935350","article-title":"A critical account of DSM-5 criteria for internet gaming disorder","volume":"23","author":"Kardefelt-Winther","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction Research and Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.05.015","article-title":"Combined cognitive behavioral therapy and bupropion for the treatment of problematic on-line game play in adolescents with major depressive disorder","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.03.006","article-title":"The cognitive psychology of internet gaming disorder","volume":"34","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.06.009","article-title":"Assessing clinical trials of internet addiction treatment: A systematic review and CONSORT evaluation","volume":"31","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.01.002","article-title":"Toward a consensus definition of pathological video-gaming: A systematic review of psychometric assessment tools","volume":"33","author":"King","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0331","article-title":"Internet-addicted kids and South Korea government efforts: Boot-camp case","volume":"14","author":"Koo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90171-4","article-title":"Neural substrates of opiate withdrawal","volume":"15","author":"Koob","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-011-9318-5","article-title":"Internet gaming addiction: A systematic review of empirical research","volume":"10","author":"Kuss","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3109\/10884602.2011.616609","article-title":"A case study of Internet Game Addiction","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Addictions Nursing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260802669458","article-title":"Development and validation of a Game Addiction Scale for adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Lemmens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Media Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2013.05.021","article-title":"The role of cognitive distortion in online game addiction among Chinese adolescents","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12202","article-title":"Internet addiction assessment tools: Dimensional structure and methodological status","volume":"108","author":"Lortie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01618.x","article-title":"Behavioural (non-chemical) addictions","volume":"85","author":"Marks","year":"1990","journal-title":"British Journal of Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2008.0181","article-title":"The Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS): Some psychometric properties","volume":"12","author":"Meerkerk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology & Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2466\/02.PR0.117c14z9","article-title":"An exploratory study investigating the effects of a treatment manual for video game addiction","volume":"117","author":"Pallesen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12457","article-title":"An international consensus for assessing internet gaming disorder using the new DSM-5 approach","volume":"109","author":"Petry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0220","first-page":"31","article-title":"Should DSM-V designate \u201cinternet addiction\u201d a mental disorder?","volume":"6","author":"Pies","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110137","article-title":"The conceptualisation and measurement of DSM-5 internet gaming disorder: the development of the IGD-20 test","volume":"9","author":"Pontes","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3109\/00048670903279812","article-title":"Recognising problem video game use","volume":"44","author":"Porter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019440","article-title":"A motivational model of video game engagement","volume":"14","author":"Przybylski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Review of General Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0227","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of video game dependency in adolescence: Results of a German nationwide survey","volume":"13","author":"Rehbein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0245","first-page":"150","article-title":"Self-reported withdrawal symptoms and pathological gambling","volume":"1","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1992","journal-title":"The American Journal on Addictions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00218.x","article-title":"Measuring problem video game playing in adolescents","volume":"97","author":"Salguero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0255","series-title":"Paper presented at the meeting of the World Health Organisation in Seoul, Republic of Korea","article-title":"The concept of internet use disorders: A discussion paper","author":"Saunders","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10094","article-title":"Problematic internet use: Proposed classification and diagnostic criteria","volume":"17","author":"Shapira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-011-9369-7","article-title":"A conceptual review of research on the pathological use of computers, video games, and the internet","volume":"10","author":"Sim","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02828.x","article-title":"Proposed diagnostic criteria for internet addiction","volume":"105","author":"Tao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.3.2014.008","article-title":"Characteristics and treatment response of self-identified problematic internet users in a behavioral addiction outpatient clinic","volume":"3","author":"Thorens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1089\/109493103322725432","article-title":"Internet addiction of adolescents in Taiwan: An interview study","volume":"6","author":"Tsai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology & Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.05.036","article-title":"Five days at outdoor education camp without screens improves preteen skills with nonverbal emotion cues","volume":"39","author":"Uhls","year":"2014","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2012.0007","article-title":"Video Game Addiction Test: Validity and psychometric characteristics","volume":"15","author":"Van Rooij","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.12.005","article-title":"Treatment of internet addiction: A meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Winkler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-007-9118-0","article-title":"Problems with the concept of video game \u201caddiction\u201d: Some case study examples","volume":"6","author":"Wood","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.1998.1.237","article-title":"Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder","volume":"1","author":"Young","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology & Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006_bb0310","first-page":"149","article-title":"Online game addiction among Chinese college students: Measurement and attribution","volume":"144","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics"}],"container-title":["Clinical Psychology Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272735815301185?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272735815301185?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T04:20:45Z","timestamp":1759465245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0272735815301185"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["S0272735815301185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-7358","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Withdrawal symptoms in internet gaming disorder: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Psychology Review","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}