{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:46:13Z","timestamp":1793173573731,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP1095536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP1095536"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP120101678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP120101678"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FT130101330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FT130101330"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001791","name":"Griffith University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Psychology Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,24]],"date-time":"2016-09-24T09:45:55Z","timestamp":1474710355000},"page":"50-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Towards a cognitive-learning formulation of youth anxiety: A narrative review of theory and evidence and implications for treatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Allison M.","family":"Waters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle G.","family":"Craske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.1.1","article-title":"Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and non-anxious individuals: A meta-analytic study","volume":"133","author":"Bar-Haim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12517","article-title":"Contextual startle responses moderate the relation between behavioural inhibition and anxiety in middle childhood","volume":"52","author":"Barker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01812.x","article-title":"What do childhood anxiety disorders predict?","volume":"48","author":"Bittner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-007-9194-4","article-title":"Societal burden of clinically anxious youth referred for treatment: A cost-of-illness study","volume":"36","author":"Bodden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.288","article-title":"Family influences on dysfunctional thinking in anxious children","volume":"12","author":"B\u00f6gels","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Infant and Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.4","article-title":"A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder","volume":"108","author":"Bouton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Britton, J. C., Bar-Haim, Y., Carver, F. W., Holroyd, T., Norcross, M. A., Detloff, A., Leibenluft, E\u2026Pine, D. S. (2012). Isolating neural components of threat bias in pediatric anxiety. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 678\u2013686.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02503.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review","volume":"30","author":"Cisler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn755","article-title":"Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain","volume":"3","author":"Corbetta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0050","series-title":"Anxiety disorders: Psychological approaches to theory and treatment","author":"Craske","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.07.020","article-title":"Does neuroticism in adolescents moderate contextual and explicit threat cue modulation of the startle reflex?","volume":"65","author":"Craske","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00261","article-title":"Relationships among cognition, emotion, and motivation: Implications for intervention and neuroplasticity of psychopathology","volume":"7","author":"Crocker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0065","series-title":"The developmental psychopathology of anxiety","article-title":"Developmental aspects of conditioning processes in anxiety disorders","author":"Dadds","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.05.007","article-title":"Attentional bias towards threatening stimuli in children with anxiety: A meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Dudeney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0075","first-page":"1","article-title":"Updated meta-analysis of classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders","volume":"0","author":"Duits","year":"2015","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.03.006","article-title":"I don't like it because it eats sprouts: Conditioning preferences in children","volume":"44","author":"Field","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-010-0078-8","article-title":"Is there room for \u201cdevelopment\u201d in developmental models of information processing biases?","volume":"13","author":"Field","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.4186","article-title":"Naturalistic follow-up of youths treated for anxiety disorders","volume":"71","author":"Ginsburg","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22016","article-title":"Ventromedial prefrontal cortex reactivity is altered in generalized anxiety disorder during fear generalization","volume":"30","author":"Greenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3524","article-title":"Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: An integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective","volume":"14","author":"Grupe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21899","article-title":"Attention bias variability and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"27","author":"Iacoviello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2013.10.016","article-title":"Development of fear acquisition and extinction in children: Effects of age and anxiety","volume":"113","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010921405496","article-title":"Selective attention and anxiety: Perspective on developmental issues and the causal status","volume":"23","author":"Kindt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00015-1","article-title":"Etiology of childhood phobias: Current status of Rachman's three pathways theory","volume":"36","author":"King","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005494108","article-title":"Distinct neural signatures of threat learning in adolescents and adults","volume":"108","author":"Lau","year":"2011","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/da.21922","article-title":"Toward an account of clinical anxiety predicated on basic, neutrally mapped mechanisms of Pavlovian fear-learning: The case for conditioned overgeneralization","volume":"29","author":"Lissek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2015.01.001","article-title":"A potential pathway to the relapse of fear? Conditioned negative stimulus evaluation (but not physiological responding) resists instructed extinction","volume":"66","author":"Luck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2011.tb02951.x","article-title":"What are the drivers of prevalent disability burden in young Australians?","volume":"194","author":"Mathews","year":"2011","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.10.043","article-title":"A history of childhood behavioral inhibition and enhanced response monitoring in adolescence are linked to clinical anxiety","volume":"65","author":"McDermott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.09.008","article-title":"Developmental pathways of social avoidance across adolescence: The role of social anxiety and negative cognition","volume":"28","author":"Miers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.121208.131631","article-title":"Fear extinction as a model for translational neuroscience: Ten years of progress","volume":"63","author":"Milad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.61.1.10","article-title":"A contemporary learning theory perspective on anxiety disorders: It's not what you thought it was","volume":"61","author":"Mineka","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00063-1","article-title":"A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety","volume":"36","author":"Mogg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1162\/089892902760807212","article-title":"Rethinking feelings: An FMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion","volume":"14","author":"Ochsner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01305-1","article-title":"The developmental and psychopathology of social anxiety disorder","volume":"51","author":"Ollendick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.94.1.61","article-title":"A model of stimulus generalization in Pavlovian conditioning","volume":"94","author":"Pearce","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018486","article-title":"Attention bias to threat and behavioural inhibition in early childhood shape adolescent social withdrawal","volume":"10","author":"Perez-Edgar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.01.006","article-title":"How do emotion and motivation direct executive control?","volume":"13","author":"Pessoa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.1.56","article-title":"Risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depression in adolescents with anxiety and depression","volume":"55","author":"Pine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000036","article-title":"Empirical recommendations for improving the stability of the dot-probe task in clinical research","volume":"27","author":"Price","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153628","article-title":"Anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence: Origins and treatment","volume":"5","author":"Rapee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181825ace","article-title":"Attention bias toward threat in pediatric anxiety disorders","volume":"47","author":"Roy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2014.03.009","article-title":"Performance-based interpretation bias in anxious youth: Relationships with attention, anxiety, and negative cognition","volume":"45","author":"Rozenman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712001651","article-title":"Threat bias in attention orienting: Evidence of specificity in a large community-based study","volume":"43","author":"Salum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020909","article-title":"Developing constructs for psychopathology research: Research domain criteria","volume":"119","author":"Sanislow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0230","first-page":"339","article-title":"Reliability of two versions of the dot-probe task using photographic faces","volume":"51","author":"Staugaard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychology Science Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034834","article-title":"A review of current evidence for the causal impact of attentional bias on fear and anxiety","volume":"140","author":"Van Bockstaele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185542","article-title":"Fear extinction and relapse: State of the art","volume":"9","author":"Vervliet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0245","series-title":"Information processing in animals: Memory","first-page":"5","article-title":"SOP: A model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior","author":"Wagner","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.11.010","article-title":"Direction of threat attention bias is related to fear acquisition and extinction in anxious children","volume":"64","author":"Waters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12522","article-title":"Evaluating differences in Pavlovian fear conditioning and extinction as predictors of outcome from cognitive-behavioural therapy for anxious children","author":"Waters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.10.002","article-title":"Threat interpretation bias as a vulnerability factor in childhood anxiety disorders","volume":"46","author":"Waters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0265","series-title":"Neuropsychological assessment and intervention for youth: An evidence-based approach to emotional and behavioral disorders","first-page":"13","article-title":"Neuropsychological assessment and clinical intervention for youth with anxiety disorders","author":"Waters","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000779","article-title":"Biased attention to threat in paediatric anxiety disorders (generalised anxiety disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, separation anxiety disorder) as a function of \u201cdistress\u201d versus \u201cfear\u201d categorization","volume":"44","author":"Waters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0275","series-title":"Experimental psychopathology and clinical psychology: An integrative model to guide clinical science and practice","author":"Waters","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0280","series-title":"Anxiety disorder research","first-page":"205","article-title":"Cognitive models of childhood anxiety","author":"Weems","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.01.004","article-title":"Cascading effects: The influence of attention bias to threat on the interpretation of ambiguous information","volume":"49","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0290","series-title":"Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders","author":"Williams","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0295","series-title":"Attention and performance","first-page":"73","article-title":"Goal-directed and stimulus-driven determinants of attentional control","author":"Yantis","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008_bb0300","first-page":"1","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of attentional bias","author":"Zvielli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"}],"container-title":["Clinical Psychology Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272735815301926?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272735815301926?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T03:14:50Z","timestamp":1601090090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0272735815301926"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["S0272735815301926"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-7358","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Towards a cognitive-learning formulation of youth anxiety: A narrative review of theory and evidence and implications for treatment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Psychology Review","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.09.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}