{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T08:34:12Z","timestamp":1792398852068,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001801","name":"University of Western Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031179","name":"Australian Association for Cognitive and Behaviour Therapy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031179","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Psychology Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T23:54:20Z","timestamp":1781308460000},"page":"102778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Meta-analysis of associations between childhood emotional abuse and adulthood emotion regulation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0825-258X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammadali","family":"Amini-Tehrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0039-8229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Mazidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyran","family":"Ranjbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4801-4239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeneva L.","family":"Ohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Weinborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2245-6880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin","family":"Naragon-Gainey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612459518","article-title":"The future of emotion regulation research: Capturing context","volume":"8","author":"Aldao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.004","article-title":"Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review","volume":"30","author":"Aldao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2009.03.001","article-title":"Adult recall of childhood psychological maltreatment: Definitional strategies and challenges","volume":"31","author":"Baker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.104941","article-title":"Psychological maltreatment: Definition and reporting barriers among American professionals in the field of child abuse","volume":"114","author":"Baker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.07.018","article-title":"Emotional abuse and emotional neglect subscales of the ctq: Associations with each other, other measures of psychological maltreatment, and demographic variables","volume":"33","author":"Baker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.0818","article-title":"Prospective and retrospective measures of child maltreatment and their association with psychopathology: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Baldwin","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20220174","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and mental health problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quasi-experimental studies","volume":"180","author":"Baldwin","year":"2023","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0040","series-title":"Child abuse, child development, and social policy","first-page":"7","article-title":"Defining child maltreatment: The interface between policy and research","author":"Barnett","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124118799372","article-title":"Interrater reliability in systematic review methodology: Exploring variation in coder decision-making","volume":"50","author":"Belur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sociological Methods & Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2307\/3002000","article-title":"Limitations of the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data","volume":"2","author":"Berkson","year":"1946","journal-title":"Biometrics Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0","article-title":"Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire","volume":"27","author":"Bernstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0060","series-title":"Intensive longitudinal methods: An introduction to diary and experience sampling research","author":"Bolger","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691613504116","article-title":"Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation","volume":"8","author":"Bonanno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.10.003","article-title":"In a meta-analysis, the i-squared statistic does not tell us how much the effect size varies","volume":"152","author":"Borenstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0075","series-title":"Introduction to meta-analysis","author":"Borenstein","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.771698","article-title":"Current progress and future directions for theory and research on savoring","volume":"12","author":"Bryant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01011","article-title":"The sex differences in regulating unpleasant emotion by expressive suppression: Extraversion matters","volume":"7","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2010.529901","article-title":"Assessing posttraumatic cognitive processes: The event related rumination inventory","volume":"24","author":"Cann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anxiety, Stress, and Coping"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/cd.23219811104","article-title":"Developmental perspectives on the etiology, intergenerational transmission, and sequelae of child maltreatment","volume":"1981","author":"Cicchetti","year":"1981","journal-title":"New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400007318","article-title":"Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology","volume":"8","author":"Cicchetti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0105","series-title":"Developmental psychopathology","first-page":"129","article-title":"An ecological-transactional perspective on child maltreatment: Failure of the average expectable environment and its influence on child development","author":"Cicchetti","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0110","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment impacts emotion regulation difficulties, but not strategy use, throughout adolescence and young adulthood","author":"Clinchard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.10.036","article-title":"Are there differential relationships between different types of childhood maltreatment and different types of adult personality pathology?","volume":"215","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327906MBR3403_2","article-title":"The problem of units and the circumstances for pomp","volume":"34","author":"Cohen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1177\/21677026211017834","article-title":"A hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP) primer for mental health researchers","volume":"10","author":"Conway","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v5.23306","article-title":"Emotions and emotion regulation in survivors of childhood sexual abuse: The importance of \u201cdisgust\u201d in traumatic stress and psychopathology","volume":"5","author":"Coyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559513511522","article-title":"Childhood abuse is related to working memory impairment for positive emotion in female university students","volume":"19","author":"Cromheeke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.60.2.170","article-title":"Inference by eye: Confidence intervals and how to read pictures of data","volume":"60","author":"Cumming","year":"2005","journal-title":"The American Psychologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13160","article-title":"Annual research review: Rethinking childhood trauma-new research directions for measurement, study design and analytical strategies","volume":"61","author":"Danese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104914","article-title":"Defining clinical characteristics of emotion dysregulation in bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"142","author":"De Prisco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00527-1","article-title":"Personality functioning and the pathogenic effect of childhood maltreatment in a high-risk sample","volume":"16","author":"d\u2019Huart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2015.959094","article-title":"The process of emotion regulation is different from individual differences in emotion regulation: Conceptual arguments and a focus on individual differences","volume":"26","author":"Diaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Inquiry"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000391","article-title":"Child maltreatment and alexithymia: A meta-analytic review","volume":"149","author":"Ditzer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104927","article-title":"A latent profile analysis of adverse childhood experiences and adult health in a community sample","volume":"114","author":"Dobson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106394","article-title":"Childhood verbal abuse as a child maltreatment subtype: A systematic review of the current evidence","volume":"144","author":"Dube","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.09.018","article-title":"Early-life stress modulates neural networks associated with habitual use of reappraisal","volume":"337","author":"El Khawli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291725001205","article-title":"Child maltreatment and resilience in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Fares-Otero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study","volume":"14","author":"Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13803","article-title":"Subjective and objective experiences of childhood adversity: A meta-analysis of their agreement and relationships with psychopathology","volume":"64","author":"Francis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0200","article-title":"Experience-dependent development of amygdala-prefrontal cortex circuitry and function","volume":"78","author":"Gabard-Durnam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001175","article-title":"Temporal stability and state-dependence of retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment in healthy and depressed adults","volume":"35","author":"Goltermann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94","article-title":"Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale","volume":"26","author":"Gratz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21021","article-title":"A clinically useful conceptualization of emotion regulation grounded in functional contextualism and evolutionary theory","volume":"21","author":"Gratz","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.3.271","article-title":"The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review","volume":"2","author":"Gross","year":"1998","journal-title":"Review of General Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2015.989751","article-title":"The extended process model of emotion regulation: Elaborations, applications, and future directions","volume":"26","author":"Gross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Inquiry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.348","article-title":"Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being","volume":"85","author":"Gross","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104446","article-title":"Effects of maltreatment on coping and emotion regulation in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review","volume":"103","author":"Gruhn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00539","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS) and its short forms in adults with emotional disorders","volume":"9","author":"Hallion","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.64.6.1152","article-title":"Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment","volume":"64","author":"Hayes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.9.4.426","article-title":"The power of statistical tests for moderators in meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Hedges","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037231","article-title":"Back to basics: A naturalistic assessment of the experience and regulation of emotion","volume":"14","author":"Heiy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0260","author":"Herre"},{"issue":"7414","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0270","series-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions","author":"Higgins","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104361","article-title":"Child maltreatment and depression: A meta-analysis of studies using the childhood trauma questionnaire","volume":"102","author":"Humphreys","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.09.016","article-title":"A reasonably large review of operationalization in child maltreatment research: Assessment approaches and sources of information in youth samples","volume":"87","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120207","article-title":"Patterns and transitions of physical, psychological, and behavioral health across adulthood: A latent transition analysis of the roles of childhood and adulthood adversities","volume":"392","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.12.010","article-title":"Relationships between rumination, worry, intolerance of uncertainty and metacognitive beliefs","volume":"46","author":"de Jong-Meyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.080572","article-title":"Psychiatric history and subthreshold symptoms as predictors of the occurrence of depressive or anxiety disorder within 2 years","volume":"198","author":"Karsten","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13616","article-title":"Alexithymia in individuals maltreated as children and adolescents: A meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1482","article-title":"Improved tests for a random effects meta-regression with a single covariate","volume":"22","author":"Knapp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.6.848","article-title":"How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors","volume":"158","author":"Kraemer","year":"2001","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.05.005","article-title":"What\u2019s in a name? A comparison of methods for classifying predominant type of maltreatment","volume":"29","author":"Lau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s41811-018-0038-5","article-title":"Introduction: Emotional schemas and emotional schema therapy","volume":"12","author":"Leahy","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Cognitive Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.559213","article-title":"Psychological mediators of the association between childhood emotional abuse and depression: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000549","article-title":"Childhood trauma questionnaire (ctq) correlations with prospective violence assessment in a longitudinal cohort","volume":"30","author":"Liebschutz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-018-0445-3","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and impulsivity: A meta-analysis and recommendations for future study","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2015.04.007","article-title":"The role of specific early trauma in adult depression: A meta-analysis of published literature. Childhood trauma and adult depression","volume":"30","author":"Mandelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chipro.2024.100093","article-title":"Childhood emotional abuse is becoming a public health priority: Evidentiary support for a paradigm change","volume":"4","author":"Mathews","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Protection and Practice"},{"issue":"Suppl. 6","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0355","first-page":"S13","article-title":"The prevalence of child maltreatment in Australia: Findings from a national survey","volume":"218","author":"Mathews","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211030502","article-title":"Population-based estimates of associations between child maltreatment types: A meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415000115","article-title":"The theory of latent vulnerability: Reconceptualizing the link between childhood maltreatment and psychiatric disorder","volume":"27","author":"McCrory","year":"2015","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021","article-title":"Press peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement","volume":"75","author":"McGowan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01561-6","article-title":"Mechanisms linking childhood trauma exposure and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic model of risk and resilience","volume":"18","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691621992346","article-title":"The value of dimensional models of early experience: Thinking clearly about concepts and categories","volume":"16","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430207088035","article-title":"Gender differences in emotion regulation: An fmri study of cognitive reappraisal","volume":"11","author":"McRae","year":"2008","journal-title":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-016-0440-5","article-title":"Changing views of emotion regulation and neurobiological models of the mechanism of action of psychotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Messina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.01.102","article-title":"Difficulties in emotion regulation in bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"302","author":"Miola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102141","article-title":"Emotion regulation as mediator between childhood adversity and psychopathology: A meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Miu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764019872227","article-title":"The wounds of childhood: Early trauma subtypes, salience and hyperarousal in a sample of adult psychiatric patients","author":"Muscatello","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000093","article-title":"The structure of common emotion regulation strategies: A meta-analytic examination","volume":"143","author":"Naragon-Gainey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.180752","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and characteristics of adult depression: Meta-analysis","volume":"210","author":"Nelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102219","article-title":"Physical and social trauma: Towards an integrative transdiagnostic perspective on psychological trauma that involves threats to status and belonging","volume":"99","author":"Neuner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x","article-title":"Rethinking rumination","volume":"3","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0430","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and complex PTSD: A systematic literature review","volume":"0","author":"Omidbakhsh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0435","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(01)00256-3","article-title":"Stability of retrospective self-reports of child abuse and neglect before and after therapy for child abuse issues","volume":"25","author":"Paivio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/10503300903505274","article-title":"Efficacy of two versions of emotion-focused therapy for resolving child abuse trauma","volume":"20","author":"Paivio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychotherapy Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0450","article-title":"The relationship between childhood adversity and affective instability across psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis","author":"Palmier-Claus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02164-5","article-title":"Adult retrospective report of child abuse and prospective indicators of childhood harm: A population birth cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Pinto Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-023-01067-8","article-title":"Longitudinal relations between childhood maltreatment, emotion regulation difficulties, and suicidal ideation and non-suicidal self-injury: An 18-month investigation of psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents","volume":"51","author":"Poon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0465","author":"Pustejovsky"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20447","article-title":"On the mediating role of subtypes of rumination in the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and depressed mood: Brooding versus reflection","volume":"25","author":"Raes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559517728125","article-title":"Latent classes of maltreatment: A systematic review and critique","volume":"23","author":"Rivera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0480","series-title":"The parental \u201cacceptance-rejection syndrome\u201d: Universal correlates of perceived rejection [book]","author":"Rohner","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05207-8","article-title":"Gender differences in transdiagnostic domains and function of adults measured by dsm-5 assessment scales at the first clinical visit: A cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Saunders","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112739","article-title":"Emotion regulation and psychopathology","volume":"11","author":"Sheppes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-21-00177","article-title":"Federated searches: Why a one-stop shop approach to literature searching falls short for evidence synthesis","volume":"19","author":"Solomons","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBI Evidence Synthesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.08.106","article-title":"History of childhood emotional abuse predicts lower resting-state high-frequency heart rate variability in depressed women","volume":"269","author":"Stone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01367-9","article-title":"Recognizing the importance of childhood maltreatment as a critical factor in psychiatric diagnoses, treatment, research, prevention, and education","volume":"27","author":"Teicher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.03.009","article-title":"Editorial overview: New directions in the science of emotion regulation","volume":"3","author":"Tull","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19970315)16:5<505::AID-SIM424>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Assessing the effect of intensity when exposure varies over time","volume":"16","author":"Vacek","year":"1997","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1330483","article-title":"Isolating unique variance in mental health outcomes attributable to personality variables and childhood emotional abuse","volume":"15","author":"Van Landeghem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","article-title":"Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package","volume":"36","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0530","series-title":"Annual Meeting of the Society for Research Synthesis Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","article-title":"Fail-safe n computation based on the random-effects model","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579419000348","article-title":"Difficulties with emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic mechanism linking child maltreatment with the emergence of psychopathology","volume":"31","author":"Weissman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(96)00098-8","article-title":"Are emotions frightening? An extension of the fear of fear construct","volume":"35","author":"Williams","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.3.628","article-title":"Frameworks for understanding emotions and their development: Functionalist and dynamic systems approaches","volume":"7","author":"Witherington","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221122816","article-title":"The impact of childhood psychological maltreatment on mental health outcomes in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380251357611","article-title":"The association between child maltreatment and quality of life: A systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-02852-4","article-title":"Why avoidance? The impact of childhood emotional abuse on social avoidance","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Psychology"}],"container-title":["Clinical Psychology Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272735826000875?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0272735826000875?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T22:25:19Z","timestamp":1785968719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0272735826000875"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":112,"alternative-id":["S0272735826000875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-7358","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Meta-analysis of associations between childhood emotional abuse and adulthood emotion regulation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Psychology Review","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2026.102778","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102778"}}