{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:50:28Z","timestamp":1791989428628,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Plastic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,25]],"date-time":"2008-09-25T08:27:38Z","timestamp":1222331258000},"page":"469-477","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Safely Navigating Around the Facial Nerve in Three Dimensions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"John Q.","family":"Owsley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cori A.","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197912000-00005","article-title":"Avoiding facial nerve injuries in rhytidectomy: anatomic variations and pitfalls","volume":"64","author":"Baker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(20)30965-2","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the facial nerve","volume":"222","author":"Gosain","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.1983.93.5.654","article-title":"Primary rhytidectomy\u2014complications of the procedure and anesthetic","volume":"93","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197412000-00001","article-title":"Facial nerve paralyses coincident with, or subsequent to, rhytidectomy","volume":"54","author":"Castanares","year":"1974","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197712000-00001","article-title":"Platysma-fascial rhytidectomy: a preliminary report","volume":"60","author":"Owsley","year":"1977","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197712000-00002","article-title":"A clinical evaluation of the results of submusculo-aponeurotic dissection and fixation in face lifts","volume":"60","author":"Rees","year":"1977","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-196610000-00010","article-title":"The frontal branch of the facial nerve: the importance of its variations in face lifting","volume":"38","author":"Pitanguy","year":"1966","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800520915","article-title":"Landmarks for the trunk and the temporofacial division of the facial nerve","volume":"52","author":"Furnas","year":"1965","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-196203000-00005","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the mandibular ramus of the facial nerve based on the dissection of 100 facial halves","volume":"29","author":"Dingman","year":"1962","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SAP.0000063755.42122.5F","article-title":"Facial nerve in rhytidoplasty: anatomic study of its trajectory in the overlying skin and the most common sites of injury","volume":"51","author":"Zani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199704001-00003","article-title":"The temporal branch of the facial nerve: how reliably can we predict its path?","volume":"99","author":"Gosain","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib12","series-title":"Facial danger zones: avoiding nerve injury in facial plastic surgery","author":"Seckel","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib13","first-page":"5","article-title":"A review of facial nerve anatomy. Seminars in plastic surgery","volume":"18","author":"Myckatyn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Facial Paralysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000054237.81611.D8","article-title":"The safe face lift with bony anatomic landmarks to elevate the SMAS","volume":"111","author":"Wilhemi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198304000-00023","article-title":"SMAS-platysma face lift","volume":"71","author":"Owsley","year":"1983","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(20)31866-6","article-title":"SMAS-platysma face lift: a bidirectional cervicofacial rhytidectomy","volume":"10","author":"Owsley","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199406000-00025","article-title":"Editorial: deep dissection rhytidectomy: a plea for caution","volume":"93","author":"Baker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S1064-7406(23)00506-0","article-title":"Extended posterior rhytidectomy","volume":"1","author":"Beeson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib19","first-page":"262","article-title":"Complications of cervicofacial rhytidectomy","volume":"1","author":"Adamson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(20)31873-3","article-title":"Complications of cervicofacial rhytidectomy","volume":"10","author":"Baker","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1984.00800290041009","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the extraparotid distribution of the facial nerve","volume":"110","author":"Bernstein","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199203000-00007","article-title":"The relationship of the superficial and deep facial fascias: relevance to rhytidectomy and facial aging","volume":"89","author":"Stuzin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198902000-00011","article-title":"Anatomy of the frontal branch of the facial nerve: the significance of the temporal fat pad","volume":"83","author":"Stuzin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199809000-00089","article-title":"Anatomy of the frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve and indications for interfacial dissection","volume":"43","author":"Salas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199312000-00012","article-title":"An anatomicomicrosurgical study of the temporal branch of the facial nerve","volume":"33","author":"Ammirati","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib26","first-page":"17","article-title":"Surgical anatomy and blood supply of the fascial layers of the temporal region","volume":"77","author":"Abul-Hussan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-006-0053-5","article-title":"The relationship of the fronto-temporal branches of the facial nerve to the fascias of the temporal region: a literature review applied to practical anatomic dissection","volume":"30","author":"Krayenbuhl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib28","first-page":"71","article-title":"Anatomical study of the temporal fascia and fat pads","volume":"48","author":"Campiglio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s002669900086","article-title":"Anatomical study on the temporal fascial layers and their relationships with the facial nerve","volume":"21","author":"Campiglio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-199907000-00012","article-title":"Attachment of the deep temporal fascia to the zygomatic arch: an anatomic study","volume":"10","author":"Hwang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1226(03)00310-2","article-title":"The fascial planes of the temple and face: an en-bloc anatomical study and a plea for consistency","volume":"56","author":"Accioli de Vasconcellos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200004040-00035","article-title":"surgical anatomy of the ligamentous attachments in the temple and periorbital regions","volume":"105","author":"Moss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198809000-00001","article-title":"Subperiosteal approach as an improved concept for correction of the aging face","volume":"82","author":"Psillakis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199108000-00009","article-title":"The extended subperiosteal face lift: a definitive soft-tissue remodeling for facial rejuvenation","volume":"88","author":"Ramirez","year":"1991","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib35","first-page":"301","article-title":"Anatomic basis for vascularized outer-table calvarial bone flaps","volume":"78","author":"Casanova","year":"1986","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199711000-00023","article-title":"Contemporary deep layer facial rejuvenation","volume":"100","author":"Connell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib37","unstructured":"Alpert B, Nahai F. Protecting the facial nerve frontal branch in the \u201chigh SMAS\u201d face lift operation. Presented at the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Meeting. Vancouver, WA. April 2004."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199809030-00036","article-title":"Subperiosteal face lift: a 200-case, 4-year review","volume":"102","author":"Heinrichs","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib39","unstructured":"McCord CD. Innervation of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Presented at the New Horizons In Cosmetic Surgery Symposium. Palm Springs, CA. February 2005."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000229130.32807.70","article-title":"Letter: analysis of the nerve branches to the orbicularis oculi muscle of the lower eyelid in fresh cadavers","volume":"118","author":"McCord","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000173446.21513.47","article-title":"Evaluation of conventional subciliary incision used in blepharoplasty: preoperative and postoperative videography and electromyography findings","volume":"116","author":"DiFrancesco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000186532.29557.96","article-title":"Analysis of the nerve branches to the orbicularis oculi muscle of the lower eyelid in fresh cadavers","volume":"116","author":"Lowe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1067\/maj.2000.106712","article-title":"Spatial orientation of motor innervation to the lower orbicularis oculi muscle","volume":"20","author":"Ramirez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aesthetic Surgery Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198901000-00003","article-title":"The retaining ligaments of the cheek","volume":"83","author":"Furnas","year":"1989","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199204000-00001","article-title":"Arterial anatomy of the face: an analysis of vascular territories and perforating cutaneous vessels","volume":"89","author":"Whetzel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(20)31494-2","article-title":"The anatomy of the skin and fascial layers of the face in aesthetic surgery","volume":"14","author":"Ruess","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib47","first-page":"590","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the submandibular triangle","volume":"45","author":"Skandalakis","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198211000-00007","article-title":"Paralysis of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve","volume":"70","author":"Conley","year":"1982","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1988.01860140077025","article-title":"The marginal mandibular nerve in rhytidectomy and liposuction surgery","volume":"114","author":"Liebman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197910000-00006","article-title":"Anatomy of the mandibular branches of the facial nerve","volume":"64","author":"Nelson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib51","series-title":"Aesthetic facial surgery","author":"Owsley","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197404000-00002","article-title":"The anatomy of a smile: its importance in the treatment of facial paralysis","volume":"53","author":"Rubin","year":"1974","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197903000-00012","article-title":"Pseudo-paralysis of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve after platysmal face-lift operation","volume":"63","author":"Ellenbogen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000061004.74788.33","article-title":"Incidence of cervical branch injury with \u201cmarginal mandibular nerve pseudo-paralysis\u201d in patients undergoing face lift","volume":"111","author":"Daane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000076507.50053.08","article-title":"Submandibular gland I: an anatomic evaluation and surgical approach to submandibular gland resection for facial rejuvenation","volume":"112","author":"Singer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000076508.00011.26","article-title":"Submandibular gland I: an anatomic evaluation and surgical approach to submandibular gland resection for facial rejuvenation","volume":"112","author":"Codner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200005000-00027","article-title":"Excision of the submandibular gland by an intraoral approach","volume":"105","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0094129808000473?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0094129808000473?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T22:52:06Z","timestamp":1709247126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0094129808000473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0094129808000473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-1298"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-1298","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]}}}