{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:25:31Z","timestamp":1790504731310,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Plastic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,5]],"date-time":"2014-03-05T14:18:30Z","timestamp":1394029110000},"page":"253-270","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Surgical Management of Velopharyngeal Insufficiency"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Gart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun K.","family":"Gosain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182268e1b","article-title":"Cleft lip, cleft palate, and velopharyngeal insufficiency","volume":"128","author":"Fisher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib2","first-page":"688","article-title":"Frequency of pharyngoplasty after primary repair of cleft palate","volume":"68","author":"Bicknell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Can Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib3","first-page":"62","article-title":"Velopharyngeal competence and primary cleft palate surgery, 1960-1971: a critical review","volume":"10","author":"Morris","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1597\/04-115.1","article-title":"Outcomes in pharyngoplasty: a 10-year experience","volume":"43","author":"Pryor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib5","first-page":"421","article-title":"Articulation skills and oral-nasal resonance in children with pharyngeal flaps","volume":"16","author":"Riski","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1277712","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the velopharyngeal mechanism","volume":"32","author":"Perry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Speech Lang"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib7","first-page":"333","article-title":"Ueber die Beseitigung der naselnden Sprache bei angeborenen Splaten des harten und weichen Gaumens (Gaumensegel-Schlundnacht und Ruccklagerung des Gaumensegels)","volume":"6","author":"Passavant","year":"1865","journal-title":"Arch Klin Chir"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569(2000)037<0112:PPFASP>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Posterior pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty: the state of the art","volume":"37","author":"Sloan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1930.01150090100006","article-title":"The repair of cleft palates after unsuccessful operations, with special reference to cases with an extensive loss of palatal tissue","volume":"20","author":"Padgett","year":"1930","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib10","first-page":"331","article-title":"A\u00a0clarification of the surgical goals in cleft palate speech and the introduction of the lateral port control (L.P.C.) pharyngeal flap","volume":"10","author":"Hogan","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib11","first-page":"46","article-title":"A\u00a0comprehensive study of pharyngeal flap surgery: tailor made flaps","volume":"16","author":"Shprintzen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197011000-00004","article-title":"Speech changes after pharyngeal flap surgery","volume":"46","author":"Hamlen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569(1999)036<0154:CBTTOP>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Comparison between two types of pharyngeal flap with regard to configuration at rest and function and speech outcome","volume":"36","author":"Karling","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1226(65)80046-7","article-title":"The pharyngeal flap operation in cleft palate. A clinical study of eighty-two cases","volume":"18","author":"Skoog","year":"1965","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib15","first-page":"430","article-title":"Comparison of outcomes of velopharyngeal surgery between the inferiorly and superiorly based pharyngeal flaps","volume":"30","author":"Wattanawong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chang Gung Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib16","first-page":"304","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective and randomized series comparing superiorly and inferiorly based posterior pharyngeal flaps","volume":"9","author":"Whitaker","year":"1972","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1226(50)80020-6","article-title":"Pharyngoplasty by muscle transplantation","volume":"3","author":"Hynes","year":"1950","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib18","first-page":"17","article-title":"The results of pharyngoplasty by muscle transplantation in failed cleft palate cases, with special reference to the influence of the pharynx on voice production; Hunterian lecture, 1953","volume":"13","author":"Hynes","year":"1953","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-196804000-00005","article-title":"Construction of a dynamic muscle sphincter in cleft palates","volume":"41","author":"Orticochea","year":"1968","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197759040-00007","article-title":"The sphincter pharyngoplasty as a secondary procedure in cleft palates","volume":"59","author":"Jackson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198406000-00003","article-title":"A\u00a0rationale for modifying the site of insertion of the Orticochea pharyngoplasty","volume":"73","author":"Riski","year":"1984","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1226(96)90050-8","article-title":"An audit of velopharyngeal incompetence treated by the Orticochea pharyngoplasty","volume":"49","author":"James","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198703000-00004","article-title":"Hynes pharyngoplasty revisited","volume":"79","author":"Moss","year":"1987","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199405000-00008","article-title":"Sphincter pharyngoplasty: a preoperative and postoperative analysis of perceptual speech characteristics and endoscopic studies of velopharyngeal function","volume":"93","author":"Witt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib25","first-page":"525","article-title":"The classic reprint. Concerning a subcutaneous prosthesis: Robert Gersuny. (Uber eine subcutane Prothese. Zeitschrift f. Heilkunde Wien u Leipzig 21:199, 1900.). Translated from the German by Miss Rita Euerle","volume":"65","year":"1980","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1159\/000242579","article-title":"Demonstration of paraffin prosthesis in defects of the face and palate","volume":"11","author":"Eckstein","year":"1904","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib27","first-page":"153","article-title":"Velar motility, velopharyngeal closure, and speech proficiency in cartilage pharyngoplasty: an eight year study","volume":"5","author":"Hess","year":"1968","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib28","first-page":"72","article-title":"Silicone implants for velopharyngeal incompetence: a progress report","volume":"16","author":"Blocksma","year":"1964","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31816b6ccb","article-title":"Use of porous polyethylene implant for augmentation of the posterior pharynx in young adult patients with borderline velopharyngeal insufficiency","volume":"19","author":"Ulkur","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e3181c1fec6","article-title":"Posterior pharyngeal augmentation in the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency: a 40-year experience","volume":"65","author":"Lypka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199003000-00011","article-title":"The use of injectable collagen to correct velopharyngeal insufficiency","volume":"100","author":"Remacle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2010.110","article-title":"Injection pharyngoplasty with calcium hydroxylapatite for velopharyngeal insufficiency: patient selection and technique","volume":"136","author":"Brigger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.134.3.268","article-title":"Injection pharyngoplasty with calcium hydroxyapatite for treatment of velopalatal insufficiency","volume":"134","author":"Sipp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib34","first-page":"47","article-title":"A\u00a0long term study on treating velopharyngeal insufficiency by Teflon injection","volume":"19","author":"Furlow","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100079500","article-title":"Correction of velopharyngeal insufficiency by dermofat graft","volume":"88","author":"Girgis","year":"1974","journal-title":"J\u00a0Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599813490893","article-title":"Autologous fat injection combined with palatoplasty and pharyngoplasty for velopharyngeal insufficiency and cleft palate: preliminary experience","volume":"149","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(97)90047-8","article-title":"Identification and assessment of velopharyngeal inadequacy","volume":"18","author":"Conley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199412000-00005","article-title":"Correction of secondary velopharyngeal insufficiency in cleft palate patients with the Furlow palatoplasty","volume":"94","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib39","first-page":"356","article-title":"The occult submucous cleft palate","volume":"12","author":"Kaplan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198005000-00008","article-title":"Velopharyngeal insufficiency due to hypoplasia of the musculus uvulae and occult submucous cleft palate","volume":"65","author":"Lewin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib41","first-page":"97","article-title":"Velopharyngeal inadequacy in the absence of overt cleft palate","volume":"1","author":"Peterson-Falzone","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniofac Genet Dev Biol Suppl"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib42","first-page":"209","article-title":"Velopharyngeal incompetency in the absence of overt cleft palate: anatomic and surgical considerations","volume":"20","author":"Trier","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.10360","article-title":"Efficacy of speech aid prostheses for acquired defects of the soft palate and velopharyngeal inadequacy\u2013clinical assessments and cephalometric analysis: a Memorial Sloan-Kettering Study","volume":"27","author":"Bohle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989511300514","article-title":"Prosthetic management of velopharyngeal insufficiency induced by uvulopalatopharyngoplasty","volume":"113","author":"Finkelstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.12024","article-title":"A\u00a0simplified palatal lift prosthesis for neurogenic velopharyngeal incompetence","volume":"22","author":"Rilo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Prosthodont"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib46","first-page":"24","article-title":"Prosthetic management of neurogenic velopharyngeal incompetency","volume":"62","author":"Riski","year":"1979","journal-title":"N\u00a0C Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(00)70094-1","article-title":"Speech-aid prostheses for neurogenic velopharyngeal incompetence","volume":"83","author":"Shifman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Prosthet Dent"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.1990.tb01427.x","article-title":"Prosthetic treatment for speech disorders due to surgically acquired maxillary defects","volume":"17","author":"Yoshida","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(10)80345-3","article-title":"A comparison of surgical and prosthetic treatment for speech disorders attributable to surgically acquired soft palate defects","volume":"51","author":"Yoshida","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4172\/plastic-surgery.1000660","article-title":"Adenoid involvement in velopharyngeal closure in children with cleft palate","volume":"18","author":"Hubbard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can J Plast Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4504.469","article-title":"Adenoid involution and developing hypernasality in cleft palate","volume":"45","author":"Mason","year":"1980","journal-title":"J\u00a0Speech Hear Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5876(80)90051-8","article-title":"Velopharyngeal insufficiency starting at puberty without adenoidectomy","volume":"2","author":"Shapiro","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000210628.18395.de","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency: clinical utility of speech evaluation and videofluoroscopy","volume":"56","author":"Dudas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1159\/000265828","article-title":"Velopharyngeal insufficiency","volume":"38","author":"Hirschberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e328316bd68","article-title":"Velopharyngeal insufficiency: current concepts in diagnosis and management","volume":"16","author":"Rudnick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e32832cbd6b","article-title":"Velopharyngeal insufficiency: diagnosis and management","volume":"17","author":"Shprintzen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1277718","article-title":"Perceptual assessment of resonance and velopharyngeal function","volume":"32","author":"Kummer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Speech Lang"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib58","series-title":"Velopharyngeal incompetence: audio seminars in speech pathology","author":"McWilliams","year":"1979"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.11.028","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of nasendoscopy and multiview videofluoroscopy in assessing velopharyngeal insufficiency","volume":"134","author":"Lam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1277719","article-title":"Instrumental assessment of velopharyngeal closure for speech","volume":"32","author":"Karnell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Speech Lang"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib61","first-page":"803","article-title":"Videofluoroscopic examination of the velopharyngeal portal during phonation in lateral and base projections\u2013a new technique for studying the mechanics of closure","volume":"7","author":"Skolnick","year":"1970","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31817d54d5","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging as an aid in the dynamic assessment of the velopharyngeal mechanism in children","volume":"122","author":"Kao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2011.11","article-title":"Cine magnetic resonance imaging with simultaneous audio to evaluate pediatric velopharyngeal insufficiency","volume":"137","author":"Silver","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib64","first-page":"610","article-title":"Measurement of nasality with tonar","volume":"7","author":"Fletcher","year":"1970","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib65","first-page":"31","article-title":"\u201cNasalance\u201d vs. listner judgements of nasality","volume":"13","author":"Fletcher","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1597\/06-061.1","article-title":"Speech intelligibility of patients with cleft lip and palate after placement of speech prosthesis","volume":"44","author":"Pinto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1597\/02-107.1","article-title":"Nasalance scores in wearers of a palatal lift prosthesis in comparison with normative data for Japanese","volume":"41","author":"Tachimura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000256066.44095.00","article-title":"Management of the black hole in velopharyngeal incompetence: combined use of a Furlow palatoplasty and sphincter pharyngoplasty","volume":"119","author":"Gosain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198678060-00002","article-title":"Cleft palate repair by double opposing Z-plasty","volume":"78","author":"Furlow","year":"1986","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(20)30645-3","article-title":"Flaps for cleft lip and palate surgery","volume":"17","author":"Furlow","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181811a83","article-title":"Through-and-through dissection of the soft palate for high pharyngeal flap inset: a new technique for the treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence in velocardiofacial syndrome","volume":"122","author":"Arneja","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000206377.14083.ce","article-title":"Surgical correction of velopharyngeal insufficiency in children with velocardiofacial syndrome","volume":"117","author":"Losken","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1054\/bjps.1999.3168","article-title":"Sphincter pharyngoplasty for the surgical management of speech dysfunction associated with velocardiofacial syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Witt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199604001-00005","article-title":"The use of magnetic resonance angiography prior to pharyngeal flap surgery in patients with velocardiofacial syndrome","volume":"97","author":"Mitnick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib75","first-page":"56","article-title":"A\u00a0new syndrome involving cleft palate, cardiac anomalies, typical facies, and learning disabilities: velo-cardio-facial syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Shprintzen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1001\/archfaci.4.2.73","article-title":"Pharyngeal flap and the internal carotid in velocardiofacial syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Tatum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(79)90222-1","article-title":"Palatal lift prostheses for treatment of palatopharyngeal incompetence","volume":"42","author":"La Velle","year":"1979","journal-title":"J\u00a0Prosthet Dent"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198005000-00009","article-title":"Speech prosthesis versus pharyngeal flap: a randomized evaluation of the management of velopharyngeal incompetency","volume":"65","author":"Marsh","year":"1980","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572003000300007","article-title":"Evaluation of palatal prosthesis for the treatment of velopharyngeal dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Pinto","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Oral Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820500515852","article-title":"Process and outcome study of multidisciplinary prosthetic treatment for velopharyngeal dysfunction","volume":"41","author":"Sell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1697813","article-title":"Prosthetic rehabilitation of velopharyngeal insufficiency: pharyngeal obturator prostheses with different retention mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"Tuna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197608000-00007","article-title":"Airway hazards associated with pharyngeal flaps in patients who have the Pierre Robin syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Jackson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80730-X","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and death associated with surgical correction of velopharyngeal incompetence","volume":"96","author":"Kravath","year":"1980","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197705000-00035","article-title":"Cor pulmonale secondary to cleft palate repair. Case report","volume":"59","author":"Robson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0503(73)80011-6","article-title":"Intra- and postoperative complications in surgical repair of clefts in infancy","volume":"1","author":"Schettler","year":"1973","journal-title":"J\u00a0Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib86","first-page":"148","article-title":"Nasal obstruction as a complication of pharyngeal flap surgery","volume":"17","author":"Thurston","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199404001-00009","article-title":"Perioperative complications of superior pharyngeal flap surgery in children","volume":"93","author":"Valnicek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib88","first-page":"42","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of three technics of palatorrhaphy: in-hospital morbidity","volume":"16","author":"Wray","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib89","first-page":"749","article-title":"Medial displacement of the internal carotid arteries in velocardiofacial syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Even-Or","year":"2005","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib90","first-page":"586","article-title":"Vascular abnormalities in the head and neck area in velocardiofacial syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Lai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chang Gung Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198709000-00002","article-title":"Abnormal carotid arteries in the velocardiofacial syndrome: a report of three cases","volume":"80","author":"MacKenzie-Stepner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200309000-00006","article-title":"Speech benefits of posterior pharyngeal flap are preserved after surgical flap division for obstructive sleep apnea: experience with division of 12 flaps","volume":"14","author":"Agarwal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1597\/02-162","article-title":"Comparison of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children with cleft palate following Furlow palatoplasty or pharyngeal flap for velopharyngeal insufficiency","volume":"41","author":"Liao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib94","first-page":"231","article-title":"Management of common sleep disorders","volume":"88","author":"Ramar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199228060-00009","article-title":"Evaluation of failed sphincter pharyngoplasties","volume":"28","author":"Riski","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198302000-00005","article-title":"A\u00a0review of 236 cleft palate patients treated with dynamic muscle sphincter","volume":"71","author":"Orticochea","year":"1983","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-198303000-00006","article-title":"Evaluation of a modified sphincter pharyngoplasty in the treatment of speech problems due to palatal insufficiency","volume":"10","author":"Roberts","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(93)90051-C","article-title":"The results of pharyngoplasty by muscle transplantation in \u201cfailed cleft palate\u201d cases, with special reference to the influence of the pharynx on voice production. 1953","volume":"46","author":"Hynes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569(1996)033<0183:AOSAAA>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Acute obstructive sleep apnea as a complication of sphincter pharyngoplasty","volume":"33","author":"Witt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(93)90052-D","article-title":"The results of pharyngoplasty by muscle transplantation by Wilfred Hynes","volume":"46","author":"Pigott","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199105000-00005","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of speech results after the pharyngeal flap and the dynamic sphincteroplasty procedures","volume":"26","author":"Pensler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib102","first-page":"128","article-title":"Surgical management of velopharyngeal insufficiency: pharyngoplasty vs. pharyngeal flap","author":"Sloan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plast Surg Forum"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1597\/03-148.1","article-title":"Pharyngeal flap and sphincterplasty for velopharyngeal insufficiency have equal outcome at 1 year postoperatively: results of a randomized trial","volume":"42","author":"Abyholm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811411655","article-title":"Treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency by pharyngeal and velar fat injections","volume":"145","author":"Cantarella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31824db85b","article-title":"Fat injections for the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency","volume":"23","author":"Cantarella","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2011.08.001","article-title":"Autologous fat transfer in velopharyngeal insufficiency: indications and results of a 25 procedures series","volume":"75","author":"Leboulanger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820802196815","article-title":"Cleft audit protocol for speech (CAPS-A): a comprehensive training package for speech analysis","volume":"44","author":"Sell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1597\/06-086.1","article-title":"Universal parameters for reporting speech outcomes in individuals with cleft palate","volume":"45","author":"Henningsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0094129813001648?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0094129813001648?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T20:25:48Z","timestamp":1716582348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0094129813001648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0094129813001648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-1298"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-1298","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}}}