{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:35:05Z","timestamp":1782844505606,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 DA042859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 DA042859"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"NIAMS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 AR070600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 AR070600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009931","name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E20180672-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E20180672-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009931","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000058","name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["E20180568-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E20180568-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E20182818-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E20182818-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","plasticsurgery.theclinics.com","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinics in Plastic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T17:04:33Z","timestamp":1582823073000},"page":"181-190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["The Opioid Epidemic"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Lily A.","family":"Upp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer F.","family":"Waljee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib2","first-page":"3079","article-title":"Geographic variation in hospital costs, payments, and length of stay for opioid-related hospital visits in the USA","volume":"11","author":"Mallow","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib3","author":"Rhyan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib4","series-title":"Wide-ranging online data for epidemiologic research (WONDER)","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-018-0719-8","article-title":"Protocol: mixed-methods study to evaluate implementation, enforcement, and outcomes of U.S. state laws intended to curb high-risk opioid prescribing","volume":"13","author":"McGinty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib6","volume":"vol. 7","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib7","author":"McCance-Katz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib9","author":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2018.12.004","article-title":"The contributions of socioeconomic and opioid supply factors to U.S. drug mortality rates: urban-rural and within-rural differences","volume":"68","author":"Monnat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rural Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1508490","article-title":"Relationship between nonmedical prescription-opioid use and heroin use","volume":"374","author":"Compton","year":"2016","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.366","article-title":"The changing face of heroin use in the United States: a retrospective analysis of the past 50 years","volume":"71","author":"Cicero","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib13","series-title":"The role of acute care prescribing in the opioid epidemic","author":"Brummett","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib15","first-page":"383","article-title":"Secular trends in opioid prescribing in the USA","volume":"10","author":"Pezalla","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002969","article-title":"Patterns of initial opioid prescribing to opioid-naive patients","volume":"271","author":"Larach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-018-0660-4","article-title":"Comparative rates of mortality and serious adverse effects among commonly prescribed opioid analgesics","volume":"41","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2018.04.032","article-title":"Opioid medication use in the surgical patient: an assessment of prescribing patterns and use","volume":"227","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.08.005","article-title":"Trends in average days\u2019 supply of opioid medications in Medicaid and commercial insurance","volume":"76","author":"Tehrani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2018.09.008","article-title":"Standardization of Outpatient Procedure (STOP) narcotics: a prospective non-inferiority study to reduce opioid use in outpatient general surgical procedures","volume":"228","author":"Hartford","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2018.06.018","article-title":"Postoperative opioid prescribing practices and the impact of the hydrocodone schedule change","volume":"164","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000001993","article-title":"Wide variation and excessive dosage of opioid prescriptions for common general surgical procedures","volume":"265","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.0831","article-title":"Prescription opioid analgesics commonly unused after surgery: a systematic review","volume":"152","author":"Bicket","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000005351","article-title":"Opioid prescribing and consumption patterns following outpatient plastic surgery procedures","volume":"143","author":"Rose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2018.01.058","article-title":"Post-discharge opioid prescribing and use after common surgical procedure","volume":"226","author":"Fujii","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2018.4234","article-title":"Association of opioid prescribing with opioid consumption after surgery in Michigan","volume":"154","author":"Howard","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2018.05.047","article-title":"Variation of opioid prescribing patterns among patients undergoing similar surgery on the same acute care surgery service of the same institution: time for standardization?","volume":"164","author":"Eid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2350","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000002350","article-title":"Gabapentin Decreases Narcotic Usage: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Pathway in Free Autologous Breast Reconstruction","volume":"7","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2019.0155","article-title":"Effect of an activated charcoal bag on disposal of unused opioids after an outpatient surgical procedure: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"154","author":"Brummett","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2019.04.010","article-title":"Association of new opioid continuation with surgical specialty and type in the United States","volume":"218","author":"Bicket","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.3298","article-title":"Incidence of and risk factors for chronic opioid use among opioid-naive patients in the postoperative period","volume":"176","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4463-1","article-title":"Transitions of care for postoperative opioid prescribing in previously opioid-na\u00efve patients in the USA: a retrospective review","volume":"33","author":"Klueh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3810-3","article-title":"Association between initial opioid prescribing patterns and subsequent long-term use among opioid-na\u00efve patients: a statewide retrospective cohort study","volume":"32","author":"Deyo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yasu.2018.03.003","article-title":"Are opioids overprescribed following elective surgery?","volume":"52","author":"Habermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000005084","article-title":"Persistent opioid use and high-risk prescribing in body contouring patients","volume":"143","author":"Bennett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e170504","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.0504","article-title":"New persistent opioid use after minor and major surgical procedures in us adults","volume":"152","author":"Brummett","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20172439","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-2439","article-title":"Persistent opioid use among pediatric patients after surgery","volume":"141","author":"Harbaugh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of persistent and prolonged postoperative opioid use among patients undergoing plastic and reconstructive surgery","volume":"94305","author":"Olds","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2016.07.113","article-title":"Risk of prolonged opioid use among opioid-na\u00efve patients following common hand surgery procedures","volume":"41","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e185838","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2018.5838","article-title":"Association between long-term opioid use in family members and persistent opioid use after surgery among adolescents and young adults","volume":"154","author":"Harbaugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j5790","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5790","article-title":"Postsurgical prescriptions for opioid naive patients and association with overdose and misuse: retrospective cohort study","volume":"360","author":"Brat","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib42","article-title":"Care coordination for patients on chronic opioid therapy following surgery","author":"Lagisetty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib43","first-page":"569","article-title":"U.S. and states ramp up response to opioid crisis: regulatory, legislative, and legal tools brought to bear","volume":"42","author":"Barlas","year":"2017","journal-title":"P\u00a0T"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2012.06.009","article-title":"Prescription drug abuse: problem, policies, and implications","volume":"61","author":"Phillips","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nurs Outlook"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2018.07.659","article-title":"Opioid-prescribing guidelines for common surgical procedures: an expert panel consensus","volume":"227","author":"Overton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002083","article-title":"The opioid epidemic and New Legislation in Massachusetts: time for a culture change in surgery?","volume":"265","author":"Kaafarani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2017.07.003","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective randomized study analyzing preoperative opioid counseling in pain management after carpal tunnel release surgery","volume":"42","author":"Alter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.0544","article-title":"Limiting the duration of opioid prescriptions: balancing excessive prescribing and the effective treatment of pain","volume":"176","author":"Bateman","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.0010","article-title":"Opioid prescribing limits for acute pain: potential problems with design and implementation","volume":"321","author":"Chua","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.10.054","article-title":"The effect of an educational program on opioid prescription patterns in hand surgery: a quality improvement program","volume":"40","author":"Stanek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.15.00614","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective evaluation of opioid utilization after upper-extremity surgical procedures: identifying consumption patterns and determining prescribing guidelines","volume":"98","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2017.10.012","article-title":"Guideline for discharge opioid prescriptions after inpatient general surgical procedures","volume":"226","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.4436","article-title":"Reduction in opioid prescribing through evidence-based prescribing guidelines","volume":"153","author":"Howard","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2018.06.007","article-title":"Spillover effect of evidence-based postoperative opioid prescribing","volume":"227","author":"Howard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib57","article-title":"American Society of Plastic Surgeons member post-operative opioid prescribing patterns","volume":"7","author":"Torabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000004332","article-title":"Addressing the opioid epidemic: a review of the role of plastic surgery","volume":"141","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000004804","article-title":"Preoperative multimodal analgesia decreases postanesthesia care unit narcotic use and pain scores in outpatient breast surgery","volume":"142","author":"Barker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2018.10.014","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective, randomized, double-blinded controlled trial comparing ibuprofen and acetaminophen versus hydrocodone and acetaminophen for soft tissue hand procedures","volume":"44","author":"Weinheimer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0094129819301191?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0094129819301191?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T14:24:32Z","timestamp":1758810272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0094129819301191"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0094129819301191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-1298"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-1298","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Opioid Epidemic","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinics in Plastic Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cps.2019.12.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}