{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:02:06Z","timestamp":1791439326532,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalradiologyonline.net","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Radiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,7]],"date-time":"2012-04-07T11:36:45Z","timestamp":1333798605000},"page":"623-628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Assessing reader performance in radiology, an imperfect science: Lessons from breast screening"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"B.P.","family":"Soh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.L.","family":"Kench","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.M.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.F.","family":"McEntee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Poulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.C.","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib1","series-title":"World cancer report","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib2","series-title":"Cancer survival and prevalence in Australia: cancers diagnosed from 1982 to 2004","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520260071035","article-title":"Efficacy of screening mammography\u2014a meta-analysis","volume":"273","author":"Kerlikowske","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00440020119016","article-title":"Variability in the interpretation of screening mammograms by US radiologists. Findings from a national sample","volume":"156","author":"Beam","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199412013312206","article-title":"Variability in radiologists' interpretations of mammograms","volume":"331","author":"Elmore","year":"1994","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.18.1346","article-title":"Much ado about mammography variability","volume":"94","author":"Kessler","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.18.1373","article-title":"Screening mammograms by community radiologists: variability in false-positive rates","volume":"94","author":"Elmore","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.184.3.1509041","article-title":"Analysis of cancers missed at screening mammography","volume":"184","author":"Bird","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib11","series-title":"Annual review 2005: One vision: NHS Breast screening programme","author":"Patnick","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sembd.2004.03.003","article-title":"BreastScreen Australia: how we handle variability in interpretative skills","volume":"6","author":"Kossoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Breast Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/jms.9.1.11","article-title":"Does individual programme size affect screening performance? Results from the United Kingdom NHS breast screening programme","volume":"9","author":"Blanks","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Screen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2011.09.010","article-title":"The challenge of assessing reader performance in mammography","volume":"67","author":"Brennan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2006.05.008","article-title":"Should a standard be defined for the positive predictive value (PPV) of recall in the UK NHS breast screening programme?","volume":"16","author":"Bennett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2006.08.033","article-title":"BIRADS classification in mammography","volume":"61","author":"Balleyguier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sembd.2004.03.006","article-title":"PERFORMS: a self-assessment scheme for radiologists in breast screening","volume":"6","author":"Gale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Breast Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S127","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/25049149","article-title":"Breast screening: PERFORMS identifies key mammographic training needs","volume":"79","author":"Scott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.21.2.153","article-title":"What do laboratory experiments measuring social preferences reveal about the real world?","volume":"21","author":"Levitt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Econ Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.21.2.153","article-title":"What do laboratory experiments tell us about the real world? JEL: C9 (Design of Experiments), C93 (Field Experiments)","volume":"21","author":"Levitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Econ Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1108\/09593840010377608","article-title":"About experiments and style: a critique of laboratory research in information system","volume":"13","author":"Introna","year":"2000","journal-title":"Inform Technol People"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.38.4.379","article-title":"In defence of external invalidity","volume":"38","author":"Mook","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.80.5.814","article-title":"Assessing coping flexibility in real-life and laboratory settings: a multimethod approach","volume":"80","author":"Cheng","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1995.tb02631.x","article-title":"Mediation tactics: a comparison of field and laboratory research","volume":"25","author":"Esser","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Appl Soc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(83)90229-3","article-title":"Do laboratory tests predict everyday memory? A Neuropsychological study","volume":"22","author":"Sunderland","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Verb Learn Verb Beh"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1086\/209287","article-title":"Comparing dynamic consumer choice in real and computer-simulated environments","volume":"19","author":"Burke","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Consum Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(99)00218-8","article-title":"Assessing mammographers' accuracy: a comparison of clinical and test performance","volume":"53","author":"Rutter","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/12.811003","article-title":"The relationship between real life breast screening and an annual self-assessment scheme","volume":"7263","author":"Scott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2491072025","article-title":"The \u201claboratory\u201d effect: comparing radiologists' performance and variability during prospective clinical and laboratory mammography interpretations","volume":"249","author":"Gur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.37.3.245","article-title":"External validity is more than skin deep\u2014some answers to criticisms of laboratory experiments","volume":"37","author":"Berkowitz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2307\/1422594","article-title":"External validity of laboratory experiments: the frequency\u2013validity relationship","volume":"97","author":"Gigerenzer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2006.0509","article-title":"Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting","volume":"2","author":"Bateson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biology letter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-007-9192-y","article-title":"Do people behave in experiments as in real Life? Evidence from donations","volume":"11","author":"Benz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exper Econ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib35","series-title":"The practice of social research","author":"Babbie","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1548-1433.2008.00024.x","article-title":"Collective action in action: prosocial behavior in and out of the laboratory","volume":"110","author":"Gurven","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540210060035","article-title":"Context bias. A problem in diagnostic radiology","volume":"276","author":"Egglin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib38","first-page":"67565","article-title":"Interim rule with request for comments","volume":"58","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fed Regist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib39","first-page":"530","article-title":"Reader practice in mammography screen reporting in Australia","volume":"53","author":"Reed","year":"2009","journal-title":"JMIRO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2007.12.005","article-title":"The impact of acoustic noise found within clinical departments on radiology performance","volume":"15","author":"Brennan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.2048","article-title":"Ambient lighting: effect of illumination on soft-copy viewing of radiographs of the wrist","volume":"188","author":"Brennan","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/92036272","article-title":"Viewing conditions for diagnostic images in three major Dublin hospitals: a comparison with WHO and CEC recommendations","volume":"76","author":"McCarthy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-6332(03)80782-1","article-title":"Perception of breast cancer: eye-position analysis of mammogram interpretation","volume":"10","author":"Mello-Thoms","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2005.02.003","article-title":"How do radiologists do it? The influence of experience and training on searching for chest nodules","volume":"12","author":"Manning","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-6332(96)80032-8","article-title":"Nature of expertise in searching mammograms for breast masses","volume":"3","author":"Nodine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-6332(05)80381-2","article-title":"Visual scanning patterns of radiologists searching mammograms","volume":"3","author":"Krupinski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2005.03.068","article-title":"Effects of lesion conspicuity on visual search in mammogram reading","volume":"12","author":"Mello-Thoms","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2006.10.003","article-title":"The prevalence effect in a laboratory environment: changing the confidence ratings","volume":"14","author":"Gur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10101090","article-title":"The effect of abnormality\u2014prevalence expectation on expect observer performance and visual search","volume":"258","author":"Reed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11110794","article-title":"Changing radiologists' expectations: false information versus years of experience","volume":"261","author":"Larson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11111247","article-title":"Explicit expectations and the effects of prevalence","volume":"261","author":"Wolfe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2009.02.003","article-title":"An augmented reality system for liver thermal ablation: design and evaluation on clinical cases","volume":"13","author":"Nicolau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-006-0073-9","article-title":"Analysis of the results of a proficiency test in screening mammography at the CSPO of Florence: review of 705 tests","volume":"111","author":"Ciatto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiol med"}],"container-title":["Clinical Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009926012001080?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009926012001080?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T16:25:05Z","timestamp":1757867105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0009926012001080"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0009926012001080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9260","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessing reader performance in radiology, an imperfect science: Lessons from breast screening","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Radiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}