{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T07:43:28Z","timestamp":1782805408211,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalradiologyonline.net","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Radiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,8]],"date-time":"2014-11-08T13:03:10Z","timestamp":1415451790000},"page":"1295-1303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Benign and malignant diseases of the clivus"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Neelakantan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.K.","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib1","series-title":"Diagnostic and surgical imaging anatomy: brain, head & neck, spine","author":"Harnsberger","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.04.009","article-title":"Analysis of time of closure of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis using computed tomography","volume":"200","author":"Bassed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01705.x","article-title":"Spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion in modern Americans","volume":"56","author":"Shirley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib4","first-page":"1796","article-title":"Fossa navicularis magna","volume":"19","author":"Beltramello","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-009-1283-9","article-title":"Clival osteomyelitis resulting from spread of infection through the fossa navicularis magna in a child","volume":"39","author":"Prabhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.10191","article-title":"Fossa navicularis: anatomic variation at the skull base","volume":"17","author":"Cankal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib7","first-page":"248","article-title":"MR imaging characteristics of cranial bone marrow in adult patients with underlying systemic disorders compared with healthy control subjects","volume":"23","author":"Loevner","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.193.3.7972798","article-title":"Clival marrow changes in AIDS: findings at MR imaging","volume":"193","author":"Eustace","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.155.6.2122682","article-title":"MR imaging of the normal and abnormal clivus","volume":"155","author":"Kimura","year":"1990","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.297095123","article-title":"Quality initiatives: blind spots at brain imaging","volume":"29","author":"Bahrami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W178","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.4134","article-title":"Bone marrow signal alteration in the spine and sacrum","volume":"195","author":"Long","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(11)70337-0","article-title":"Chordoma: current concepts, management, and future directions","volume":"13","author":"Walcott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.234025176","article-title":"Comprehensive review of intracranial chordoma","volume":"23","author":"Erdem","year":"2003","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-009-0229-1","article-title":"Clivus metastases: report of seven patients and literature review","volume":"151","author":"Pallini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chordoma: incidence and survival patterns in the United States, 1973-1995","volume":"12","author":"McMaster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30088-3","article-title":"Proton radiation therapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base","volume":"11","author":"Hug","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3181ffa12c","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for chordoma: a report from the North American Gamma Knife Consortium","volume":"68","author":"Kano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2003.09.041","article-title":"Results of carbon ion radiotherapy in 152 patients","volume":"58","author":"Schulz-Ertner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.7.JNS11355","article-title":"Current comprehensive management of cranial base chordomas: 10-year meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"115","author":"Maio","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-5149(25)00238-2","article-title":"Chordomas of the skull base. Radiologic and clinical evaluation","volume":"4","author":"Weber","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.127.5.797","article-title":"Chordoma: radiologic evaluation of 20 cases","volume":"127","author":"Firooznia","year":"1976","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib22","first-page":"1627","article-title":"Chordomas of the skull base: MR features","volume":"13","author":"Meyers","year":"1992","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.151.3.567","article-title":"The role of MR and CT in evaluating clival chordomas and chondrosarcomas","volume":"151","author":"Oot","year":"1988","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-007-0099-z","article-title":"Chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base: comparative analysis of clinical results in 30 patients","volume":"31","author":"Cho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3333","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MRI: distinction of skull base chordoma from chondrosarcoma","volume":"34","author":"Yeom","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib26","series-title":"Head and neck imaging","first-page":"947","article-title":"Pathology of the central skull base","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Curtin","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mao.0000233812.48800.b4","article-title":"Chondrosarcoma of the skull base: long-term follow-up","volume":"27","author":"Brackmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0b013e3181866a13","article-title":"Immunohistochemical comparison of chordoma with chondrosarcoma, myxopapillary ependymoma, and chordoid meningioma","volume":"17","author":"Cho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199911000-00007","article-title":"Chondrosarcoma of the base of the skull: a clinicopathologic study of 200 cases with emphasis on its distinction from chordoma","volume":"23","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib30","first-page":"171","article-title":"Plasma cell tumor of the clivus: report of two cases","volume":"80","author":"Guinto-Balanzar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cir Cir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2010.48.5.441","article-title":"Fibrous dysplasia of the clivus","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.178.3.1780717","article-title":"Fibrous dysplasia involving the base of the skull","volume":"178","author":"Chong","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/73852511","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging appearances of fibrous dysplasia","volume":"78","author":"Shah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000043694.77162.6E","article-title":"Fibrous dysplasia of the clivus","volume":"52","author":"Adada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181d0243f","article-title":"Fibrous dysplasia of skull","volume":"21","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-004-0244-1","article-title":"Clivus lymphoma","volume":"146","author":"Jung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-005-1394-4","article-title":"Primary lymphoma of the skull base","volume":"47","author":"Hans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.05.014","article-title":"Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the skull base: a case report and literature review","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib39","first-page":"1197","article-title":"MRI sequence and characteristic features in \u2018giant cell tumor\u2019 of clivus","volume":"7","author":"Mahale","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2004.03.017","article-title":"Solitary Langerhans-cell histiocytosis of the clivus and sphenoid sinus with parasellar and petrous extensions: case report and a review of literature","volume":"62","author":"Krishna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-003-1065-8","article-title":"Langerhans' cell histiocytosis of the clivus: case report and literature review","volume":"34","author":"Hurley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(98)90040-4","article-title":"Unifocal Langerhans' cell histiocytosis in the clivus of a child with abducens palsy and diplopia","volume":"2","author":"Lederman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.98538","article-title":"Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the clivus: an unusual cause of a destructive central skull base mass in a child","volume":"60","author":"Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1346980","article-title":"Primary intraosseous cavernous hemangioma of the clivus: case report and review of the literature","volume":"74","author":"Gologorsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2008.02.025","article-title":"MRSA with progression from otitis media and sphenoid sinusitis to clival osteomyelitis, pachymeningitis and abducens nerve palsy in an immunocompetent 10-year-old patient","volume":"72","author":"Laurens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0820","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MR imaging findings in an isolated abscess of the clivus","volume":"29","author":"Soares-Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2005.03.015","article-title":"Clivus osteomyelitis secondary to Enterococcus faecium infection in a 6-year-old girl","volume":"69","author":"Rusconi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2364","article-title":"Clival invasion on multi-detector CT in 390 pituitary macroadenomas: correlation with sex, subtype and rates of operative complication and recurrence","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib49","series-title":"Neoplasms of the Brain","first-page":"58","article-title":"Neuroradiology: The Requisites","author":"Yousem","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.6954","article-title":"MRI and CT of nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"198","author":"Razek","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2012.01.009","article-title":"Non-viral environmental risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2052","article-title":"Neuroradiology of cholesteatomas","volume":"32","author":"Bar\u00e1th","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2129","article-title":"The utility of diffusion-weighted imaging for cholesteatoma evaluation","volume":"32","author":"Schwartz","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2012.10.002","article-title":"Sphenoidal mucocele presenting as acute cranial nerve palsies","volume":"26","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2003.09.002","article-title":"Mucoceles of the sphenoid sinus","volume":"51","author":"K\u00f6sling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010_bib56","unstructured":"Gaillard F, Jones J and Weerakkody Y. Clival mass. Available at: http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/6Eax5SpOS. [accessed 21.02.13]."}],"container-title":["Clinical Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009926014003663?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009926014003663?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T16:31:02Z","timestamp":1757867462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0009926014003663"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0009926014003663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9260","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Benign and malignant diseases of the clivus","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Radiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crad.2014.07.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}