{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:05:13Z","timestamp":1790017513599,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009776","name":"McMaster University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009776","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalradiologyonline.net","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Radiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T05:08:29Z","timestamp":1743570509000},"page":"106917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Local anaesthetics in interventional radiology: a primer for radiologists on applications and management of complications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Steinman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5310-3458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.T.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.4103\/ijri.IJRI_96_19","article-title":"Basic interventional procedures: practice essentials","volume":"29","author":"Mukund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1085923","article-title":"Uterine artery embolization: a safe and effective, minimally invasive, uterine-sparing treatment option for symptomatic fibroids","volume":"25","author":"Vo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39562.512789.80","article-title":"Endovascular stenting to treat obstruction of the superior vena cava","volume":"336","author":"Watkinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1757342","article-title":"Local anesthesia in interventional radiology","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib5","first-page":"16","article-title":"Minimizing the pain of local anesthetic injection","volume":"53","author":"Henry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s42155-020-00198-z","article-title":"Intra-arterial anaesthetics for pain control in arterial embolization procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Shiwani","year":"2021","journal-title":"CVIR Endovasc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1359729","article-title":"Clinical and periprocedural pain management for uterine artery embolization","volume":"30","author":"Spencer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s002709900391","article-title":"Hepatic chemoembolization: effect of intra-arterial lidocaine on pain and postprocedure recovery","volume":"22","author":"Hartnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)61533-4","article-title":"Complications after unintentional intra-arterial injection of drugs: risks, outcomes, and management strategies","volume":"80","author":"Sen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.17245\/jdapm.2021.21.6.583","article-title":"Management of patients with allergy to local anaesthetics: two case reports","volume":"21","author":"Arya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dent Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2019.10.002","article-title":"Basic pharmacology of local anaesthetics","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJA Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.837088","article-title":"Sodium channels and local anesthetics - old friends with new perspectives","volume":"13","author":"K\u00f6rner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2344\/0003-3006-59.2.90","article-title":"Local anaesthetics: review of pharmacological considerations","volume":"59","author":"Becker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesth Prog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib14","series-title":"Basic Sciences in Anesthesia","first-page":"161","article-title":"Pharmacology of local and neuraxial anesthetics","author":"Elsharkawy","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib15","article-title":"Lipid emulsion for local anaesthetic systemic toxicity","volume":"2012","author":"Ciechanowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Res Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1053\/rapm.2003.50014","article-title":"Central nervous system and cardiac effects from long-acting amide local anaesthetic toxicity in the intact animal model","volume":"28","author":"Groban","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s42155-020-0099-4","article-title":"Intra-arterial lidocaine administration during uterine fibroid embolization to reduce the immediate postoperative pain: a prospective randomized study","volume":"3","author":"Duvnjak","year":"2020","journal-title":"CVIR Endovasc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2016.10.001","article-title":"Intraarterial lidocaine for pain control in uterine artery embolization: a prospective, randomized study","volume":"28","author":"Noel-Lamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-001-0073-z","article-title":"Intraarterial lidocaine administration for relief of pain resulting from transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: its effectiveness and optimal timing of administration","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1148\/124.1.37","article-title":"The use of intra-arterial lidocaine to control pain due to aortofemoral arteriography","volume":"124","author":"Widrich","year":"1977","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2147\/LRA.S4337","article-title":"Pain and efficacy of local anaesthetics for central venous access","volume":"1","author":"Culp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Local Reg Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviscsurg.2013.05.005","article-title":"Radiologic drainage of post-operative collections and abscesses","volume":"150","author":"Robert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Visc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1267851","article-title":"Sedation and analgesia in the performance of interventional procedures","volume":"27","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P1119","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RVI.0000086536.86489.82","article-title":"Sedation and analgesia in the interventional radiology department","volume":"14","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199910000-00015","article-title":"Effect of epinephrine on lidocaine clearance in vivo: a microdialysis study in humans","volume":"91","author":"Bernards","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2009.144","article-title":"The hemostatic and hemodynamic effects of epinephrine during endoscopic sinus surgery: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"135","author":"Moshaver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.94859","article-title":"Toxicity of topical lidocaine applied to the breasts to reduce discomfort during screening mammography","volume":"28","author":"Lambertz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2482071490","article-title":"Premedication to reduce discomfort during screening mammography","volume":"248","author":"Lambertz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S30861","article-title":"Efficacy profile of liposome bupivacaine, a novel formulation of bupivacaine for postsurgical analgesia","volume":"5","author":"Bergese","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anaesthetic considerations for interventional radiology","volume":"19","author":"Garg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Internet J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.01063.x","article-title":"Low-dose bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia for percutaneous nephrolithotomy: the suitability and impact of adding intrathecal fentanyl","volume":"50","author":"Atallah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.15.15132","article-title":"Does reducing the concentration of bupivacaine when performing therapeutic shoulder joint injections impact the clinical outcome?","volume":"206","author":"Fox","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198705000-00014","article-title":"Epinephrine enhances analgesia produced by epidural bupivacaine during labor","volume":"66","author":"Eisenach","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem291","article-title":"Effect of epinephrine on epidural, intrathecal, and plasma pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in sheep","volume":"99","author":"Ratajczak-Enselme","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182166a0a","article-title":"The comparative effects of lipid, epinephrine, and their combination in the reversal of bupivacaine-induced asystole in the isolated rat heart","volume":"114","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2004.12.003","article-title":"Bupivacaine, levobupivacaine and ropivacaine: are they clinically different?","volume":"19","author":"Casati","year":"2005","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.79875","article-title":"Ropivacaine: a review of its pharmacology and clinical use","volume":"55","author":"Kuthiala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-022-03290-0","article-title":"Postinterventional patient comfort after uterine artery embolization and superior hypogastric nerve block","volume":"46","author":"Steffen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib39","first-page":"57","article-title":"Intravenous regional anesthesia: a review of common local anaesthetic options and the use of opioids and muscle relaxants as adjuncts","volume":"4","author":"Flamer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Local Reg Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s42155-025-00516-3","article-title":"Novel pain management strategy for uterine fibroid embolization","volume":"8","author":"Ho","year":"2025","journal-title":"CVIR Endovasc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2018.03.024","article-title":"Ropivacaine-induced local anesthetic systemic toxicity after superior hypogastric nerve block for pain control after uterine artery embolization","volume":"29","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.16243","article-title":"Fundamentals of joint injection","volume":"207","author":"Rastogi","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2523081929","article-title":"Injectable corticosteroid and local anaesthetic preparations: a review for radiologists","volume":"252","author":"McMahon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E47","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.332125012","article-title":"Sedation, analgesia, and local anesthesia: a review for general and interventional radiologists","volume":"33","author":"Moran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RVI.0000085769.63355.24","article-title":"Postprocedure pain management of interventional radiology patients","volume":"14","author":"Hatsiopoulou","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.111.4.791","article-title":"Intraarterial injection of procaine","volume":"111","author":"Ng","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31817fdeb8","article-title":"Procaine spinal neurotoxicity","volume":"109","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.222535","article-title":"Vertebroplasty versus active control intervention for chronic osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: the VERTOS V randomized controlled trial","volume":"308","author":"Carli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(00)00193-8","article-title":"Continuous spinal anaesthetic technique for endovascular aortic stent graft surgery","volume":"12","author":"Mathes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2020190089","article-title":"Pearls and pitfalls for soft-tissue and bone biopsies: a cross-institutional review","volume":"40","author":"Meek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2010.10.005","article-title":"Practical application of local anaesthetics","volume":"22","author":"Culp","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.111780","article-title":"Minimizing injection pain in local anesthesia","volume":"184","author":"Strazar","year":"2012","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib53","first-page":"E28","article-title":"Minimize that \"pinch and burn\": tips and tricks to reduce injection pain with local anaesthetics","volume":"95","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1745799","article-title":"Interventional radiology regional anesthesia approaches for intra- and postprocedural pain control","volume":"39","author":"Sag","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.16643","article-title":"The utility of peripheral nerve blocks in interventional radiology","volume":"207","author":"Midia","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib56","first-page":"149","article-title":"Bilateral thoracic paravertebral nerve blocks for placement of percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a case series","volume":"23","author":"Kalava","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rom J Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181684bfd","article-title":"Complication during ultrasound-guided regional block: accidental intravascular injection of local anaesthetic","volume":"108","author":"Loubert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2013.64.3.234","article-title":"Effect of position changes after spinal anesthesia with low-dose bupivacaine in elderly patients: sensory block characteristics and hemodynamic changes","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2009.06231.x","article-title":"Postoperative analgesia for shoulder surgery: a critical appraisal and review of current techniques","volume":"65","author":"Fredrickson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.220835","article-title":"Local anaesthetic systemic toxicity","volume":"194","author":"Antel","year":"2022","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/80.6.843","article-title":"Ropivacaine-induced seizure after extradural anesthesia","volume":"80","author":"Abouleish","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-015-0564-z","article-title":"Local anaesthetic systemic toxicity: continuing professional development","volume":"63","author":"El-Boghdadly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181d22fcd","article-title":"ASRA practice advisory on local anaesthetic systemic toxicity","volume":"35","author":"Neal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-101986","article-title":"American society of regional anesthesia and pain medicine local anesthetic systemic toxicity checklist: 2020 version","volume":"46","author":"Neal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.22643","article-title":"Lipid emulsion for treating local anesthetic systemic toxicity","volume":"15","author":"Ok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/ams2.265","article-title":"Local anaesthetic toxicity: acute and chronic management","volume":"4","author":"Sekimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acute Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181961a12","article-title":"Lipid emulsion is superior to vasopressin in a rodent model of resuscitation from toxin-induced cardiac arrest","volume":"37","author":"Di","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8537(05)70161-9","article-title":"The pharmacology of local anaesthetics","volume":"18","author":"Tetzlaff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2152656718763385","article-title":"The eyes have it: eyelid swelling and rash in a 79-year-old woman with macular degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Kleris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Rhinol (Providence)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000143356.17013.A1","article-title":"Spinal 2-chloroprocaine: a comparison with small-dose bupivacaine in volunteers","volume":"100","author":"Yoos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v5.i8.307","article-title":"Adjuvants to local anaesthetics: current understanding and future trends","volume":"5","author":"Swain","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib72","first-page":"257","article-title":"Liposomal bupivacaine: a review of a new bupivacaine formulation","volume":"5","author":"Chahar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib73","series-title":"UpToDate. Alphen aan den Rijn","article-title":"Allergic reactions to local anesthetics","author":"Schatz","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2011.3.4.280","article-title":"Bronchospasm and anaphylactic shock following lidocaine aerosol inhalation in a patient with butane inhalation lung injury","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4103\/0259-1162.108286","article-title":"Anaphylaxis during the perioperative period","volume":"6","author":"Mali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.04.044","article-title":"Management of suspected immediate perioperative allergic reactions: an international overview and consensus recommendations","volume":"123","author":"Garvey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2003.00212.x","article-title":"Allergy to local anaesthetics of the amide group with tolerance to procaine","volume":"58","author":"Morais-Almeida","year":"2003","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib78","first-page":"218","article-title":"Procaine compared with lidocaine for incidence of transient neurologic symptoms","volume":"25","author":"Hodgson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib79","unstructured":"ACLS Online. Procainamide. Available at: aclsonline.us\/drugs\/procainamide. Accessed July 19, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2023.2296349","article-title":"Advances in the use of local anaesthetic extended-release systems in pain management","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Deliv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib81","first-page":"S32","article-title":"Emerging trends in regional anesthesia techniques","volume":"2","author":"Malviya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Natl Board Exam J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2019.07.002","article-title":"Recent technological advancements in regional anesthesia","volume":"33","author":"Sen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1781452","article-title":"Minimizing the pain of local anesthesia administration in interventional radiology with an anesthetic portal technique","volume":"8","author":"Suttle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arab J Interv Radiol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009926025001229?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0009926025001229?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:31:19Z","timestamp":1747269079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0009926025001229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["S0009926025001229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9260","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Local anaesthetics in interventional radiology: a primer for radiologists on applications and management of complications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Radiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crad.2025.106917","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal College of Radiologists.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106917"}}