{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:26:19Z","timestamp":1791267979306,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]],"date-time":"2003-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1067644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,11]],"date-time":"2003-10-11T06:39:10Z","timestamp":1065854350000},"page":"113-121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Nutritional issues in the care of the elderly patient"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Federico","family":"Bozzetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB1","unstructured":"Sixty-five plus in America [Special Studies]. Bureau of the Census: Current Population Reports. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office; 1999."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200201000-00006","article-title":"Institutional feeding of the elderly","volume":"5","author":"Allison","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.suppl_2.454","article-title":"Aging and body composition: possibilities for future studies","volume":"123","author":"Kehayias","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.4.904","article-title":"Total body potassium and fat: relevance to aging","volume":"66","author":"Kehayias","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.4.713","article-title":"Total body potassiun in aging humans: a longitudinal study","volume":"50","author":"Flynn","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.3.444","article-title":"Magnitude of body-cell-mass depletion and the timing of death from wasting in AIDS","volume":"50","author":"Kotler","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0690(18)30958-3","article-title":"The extension of maximum lifespan","volume":"1","author":"Walford","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-6-455","article-title":"The aging process","volume":"113","author":"Geokas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico","volume":"147","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.6.1025","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in adult fat-free mass: influence of body weight","volume":"70","author":"Forbes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E366","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2000.279.2.E366","article-title":"Weight stability masks sarcopenia in elderly men and women","volume":"279","author":"Gallagher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/51.5.749","article-title":"Impact of nutrition status on morbidity and mortality in a select population of geriatric rehabilitation patients","volume":"51","author":"Sullivan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.71.2.644","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of muscle strength and mass in 45\u201378-year-old men and women","volume":"71","author":"Frontera","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.5.1581","article-title":"Age and gender comparisons of muscle strength in 654 women and men aged 20\u201393 years","volume":"83","author":"Lindle","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802167","article-title":"Body composition estimates from NHANES III bioelectrical impedance data","volume":"26","author":"Chumlea","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802037","article-title":"Fat-free mass index and fat mass index percentiles in Caucasians aged 18\u201398 years","volume":"26","author":"Schutz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.5.1176","article-title":"Changes in total body water with age","volume":"50","author":"Schoeller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB18","unstructured":"Greenleaf JE. Stress, aging and thirst. In: Arnaud M, Baumgartner R, Morley J, Rosenberg I, Toshikazu S, Vellas B, Albarede JL, Garry PJ, editors. Hydration and aging. New York: Springer; 1998. p. 47\u201357."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06502.x","article-title":"Body water spaces and cellular hydration during healthy aging","volume":"904","author":"Ritz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(98)00267-4","article-title":"The influence of aging on oral health and consequences for taste and smell","volume":"66","author":"Ship","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601026","article-title":"Taste and smell perception affect appetite and immunity in the elderly","volume":"54","author":"Schiffman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(93)90224-4","article-title":"Effect of flavor enhancement of foods for the elderly on nutritional status: food intake, biochemical indices, and anthropometric measures","volume":"53","author":"Schiffman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB23","first-page":"816","article-title":"Variation in nutrient intake with dental status","volume":"50","author":"Griep","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB24","unstructured":"Makinodan T, Hirokawa K. Normal aging of the immune system. In: Johnson HA, editor. Relations between normal aging and disease. New York: Raven Press; 1985. p. 117\u201332."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(91)90122-Q","article-title":"Accumulation of hyporesponsive, calcium extruding memory T cells as a key feature of age-dependent immune dysfunction","volume":"58","author":"Miller","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB26","unstructured":"Green-Johnson J, Wade AW, Szewczuk MR. The immunobiology of aging. In: Cooper EL, Nisbet-Brown E, editors. Development immunology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1993. p. 426\u201351."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M45","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/45.2.M45","article-title":"Cell-mediated immunity as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in the aged","volume":"45","author":"Wayne","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198907000-00011","article-title":"Estimating mortality risk in preoperative patients using immunologic, nutritional and acute-phase response variables","volume":"210","author":"Christou","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1983.tb03404.x","article-title":"The relationship between cutaneous cellular immune responsiveness and mortality in a nursing home population","volume":"31","author":"Cohn","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5271.70","article-title":"The aging immune system: primer and prospectus","volume":"273","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adolfsson O, Meydani SN. Nutrition and the aging immune response. In: Rosenberg IH, Sastre A, editors. Nutrition & aging. Nestl\u00e9 Nutrition Workshop Series, vol. 6. Clinical and Performance Program; Karger, Basel, 2002, p. 207\u201321.","DOI":"10.1159\/000061860"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/21.4.581","article-title":"Nutrient intakes and energy expenditure in men of different ages","volume":"21","author":"McGandy","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB33","unstructured":"Heber D, Bray GA. Energy requirements. In: Exton-Smith AN, Caird FI, editors. Metabolic and nutritional disorders in the elderly. Chicago: A John Wright and Sons Ltd.; 1980. p. 1\u201312."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/40.1.168","article-title":"The Harris\u2013Benedict equation re-evaluated: resting energy requirements and the body cell mass","volume":"40","author":"Roza","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB35","unstructured":"Lang C. Nutrition assessment of the elderly. Geriatric nutrition: issues and intervention. Postgraduate Course # 5. Silver Spring (MD): American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 1989. p. 13."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starling RD, Poehlman ET. Assessment of energy requirements in elderly populations. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;(Suppl 3):S104\u201311.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601031"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briefel RR, McDowell MA, Alaimo K, et al. Total energy intake of the US population. In: Proceedings of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20139191. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62(Suppl):1072S\u201380S.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.5.1072S"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)46229-8","article-title":"Nutritional support in the frail elderly surgical patient","volume":"74","author":"Rolandelli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB39","unstructured":"Allison S. Hospital food as treatment, 2nd ed. In: Apyne-James J, Grimble G, Silk D, editors. Artificial Nutrition Support in Clinical Practice, GMM; 2001. p. 255\u201366."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB40","unstructured":"Smithand D, Blandford G, Grimble GK. Nutrition support in the elderly, 2nd ed. In: Payne-James J, Grimble G, Silk D, editors. Artificial Nutrition Support in Clinical Practice, GMM; 2001. p. 681\u2013700."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(80)90130-4","article-title":"Investigation of factors determining the optimal glucose infusion rate in total parenteral nutrition","volume":"29","author":"Wolfe","year":"1980","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB42","unstructured":"Kao KT, Lakshmanan EL. Protein nutrition and aging. In: Hsu JM, Davis RL, editors. Handbook of Geriatric Nutrition. Park Ridge (NJ): Noyes Publications; 1981."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB43","first-page":"E599","article-title":"Postprandial myofibrillar and whole body protein synthesis in young and old human subjects","volume":"267","author":"Welle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0531-5565(76)90017-6","article-title":"Whole body protein turnover in aging man","volume":"11","author":"Winterer","year":"1976","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(80)90220-6","article-title":"Dynamic aspects of whole body glycine metabolism: influence of protein intake in young adult and elderly males","volume":"29","author":"Gersowitz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB46","first-page":"E1083","article-title":"Resting metabolic rate and protein turnover in apparently healthy elderly men","volume":"268","author":"Benedek","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/31.1.12","article-title":"Comparative nitrogen balance study between young and aged adults using three levels of protein intake from a combination wheat\u2013soy-milk mixture","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/31.5.779","article-title":"Human protein requirements: nitrogen balance response to graded levels of egg protein in elderly men and women","volume":"31","author":"Uauy","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607186010004425","article-title":"The role of protein in nutrition with particular reference to the composition and use of enteral feeding formulas: a consensus report","volume":"10","author":"Heimburger","year":"1986","journal-title":"JPEN"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/35.1.6","article-title":"Human protein requirements: assessment of the adequacy of the current Recommended Dietary Allowance for dietary protein in elderly men and women","volume":"35","author":"Gersovitz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB51","first-page":"339","article-title":"Protein turnover in the elderly: a comparison between ill patients and normal controls","volume":"37C","author":"Phillips","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/18.4.235","article-title":"Protein turnover in malnourished elderly subjects: the effects of refeeding","volume":"18","author":"Beaumont","year":"1989","journal-title":"Age Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(97)00029-4","article-title":"Changes in nutritional status and patterns of morbidity among free living elderly persons: a 10-year longitudinal study","volume":"13","author":"Vellas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnaud MJ. Age-related changes in hydration. In: Rosenberg IH, Sastre A, editors. Nutrition and aging, vol. 6. Nestl\u00e9 Nutrition Workshop Series Clinical & Performance Program. Nestec Ltd. Basel: Vevey\/S. Karger AG; 2002. p. 193\u2013206.","DOI":"10.1159\/000061866"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB55","unstructured":"Arnaud MJ. Effect of water on health. In: Caruba R, Galyez-Cloutier R, editors. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Water, Human and Future. Cannes; 2000. p. 357\u201366."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(97)00011-4","article-title":"Fluid intake in the institutionalized elderly","volume":"97","author":"Chidester","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601092","article-title":"Validation of dietary record routine in geriatric patients using doubly labelled water","volume":"54","author":"Persson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/55.4.783","article-title":"The effect of age on the caloric requirement of malnourished individuals","volume":"55","author":"Shizgal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(97)00481-4","article-title":"Outcomes from nutritional support using hospital food","volume":"14","author":"Kondrup","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19950033","article-title":"Energy intake and expenditure in elderly patients admitted to hospital with acute illness","volume":"73","author":"Klipstein-Grobusch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1994.tb01403.x","article-title":"Undernutrition in the nursing home: prevalence, consequences, causes and prevention","volume":"52","author":"Abbasi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01937.x","article-title":"Body composition in elderly men: effect of dietary modification during strength training","volume":"40","author":"Meredith","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(02)90245-2","article-title":"Benefits of nutritional supplementation in free-living frail undernourished elderly: a prospective randomized community trial","volume":"102","author":"Payette","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106552","article-title":"Muscle and splanchnic glutamine and glutamate metabolism in forearm of post-absorptive and starved man","volume":"50","author":"Marliss","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1985.tb00283.x","article-title":"Direct determination of leucine metabolism and protein breakdown in humans using l-[1-13C,15N]leucine and the forearm model","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0730241","article-title":"Influence of fasting on leucine and muscle protein metabolism across the human forearm determined using l-[1-13C,15N]leucine as the tracer","volume":"73","author":"Cheng","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-5614(86)90036-1","article-title":"Metabolic insights from the use of stable isotopes in nutritional studies","volume":"5","author":"Rennie","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB68","first-page":"E453","article-title":"Stimulation of protein synthesis in pig skeletal muscle by infusion of amino acids during constant insulin availability","volume":"263","author":"Watt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB69","first-page":"115","article-title":"The effect of alanyl glutamine peptide supplementation on muscle protein synthesis in post-surgical patients receiving glutamine-free amino acids intravenously","volume":"51","author":"Barua","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB70","first-page":"E604","article-title":"Extremity amino acid metabolism during starvation and intravenous refeeding in humans","volume":"251","author":"Albert","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.6.1202","article-title":"Protein pulse feeding improves protein retention in elderly women","volume":"69","author":"Arnal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.5.1129","article-title":"Short-term protein and energy supplementation activate nitrogen kinetics and accretion in poorly nourished elderly subjects","volume":"71","author":"Bos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB73","first-page":"13","article-title":"High calorie nutrition in chronic obstructive airways disease","volume":"83","author":"Ganzoni","year":"1994","journal-title":"Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.1993.tb00377.x","article-title":"The effect of dietary supplementation in continuing care of elderly people: nutritional anthropometric and biochemical parameters","volume":"6","author":"Hankey","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB75","first-page":"99","article-title":"Nutrition and muscle protein in the elderly","volume":"13","author":"Volpi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diab. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/18.4.235","article-title":"Protein turnover in malnourished elderly subjects: the effects of refeeding","volume":"18","author":"Beaumont","year":"1989","journal-title":"Age Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.7.1396","article-title":"Caloric requirements for weight gain in anorexia nervosa","volume":"32","author":"Walker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB78","unstructured":"Abbasi AA, Basu SN, Rudman D. Observations concerning the tube-feeding of nursing home residents. In: Watson RR, editor. Handbook of nutrition in the aged, 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press Inc.; 1994. p. 135\u201344."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5614(97)80013-1","article-title":"Effects of refeeding by cyclic enteral nutrition on body composition: comparative study of elderly and younger patients","volume":"16","author":"H\u00e9buterne","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB80","first-page":"155","article-title":"Arginine stimulates wound healing and immune function in elderly human beings","volume":"114","author":"Kirk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607100024005280","article-title":"Arginine supplementation is well tolerated but does not enhance mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in elderly nursing home residents with pressure ulcers","volume":"24","author":"Langkamp-Henken","year":"2000","journal-title":"JPEN"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200209000-00013","article-title":"Effect of a specialized amino acid mixture on human collagen deposition","volume":"236","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-10-199805150-00002","article-title":"Protein supplements increase serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels and attenuate proximal femur bone loss in patients with recent hip fracture","volume":"128","author":"Sch\u00fcrch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milne AC, Potter J, Avenell A. Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition [Cochrane Review]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(3):CD 003288.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003288"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.287.6405.1589","article-title":"Benefits of supplementary tube feeding after fractured neck of femur: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"287","author":"Bastow","year":"1983","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-5614(85)90031-7","article-title":"Overnight nasogastric tube feeding","volume":"4","author":"Bastow","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB87","first-page":"132A","article-title":"Nutritional influences on recovery and length of hospital stay in elderly women following femoral fracture","volume":"51","author":"Brown","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91073-J","article-title":"Dietary supplementation in elderly patients with fractured neck of the femur","volume":"335","author":"Delmi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB89","first-page":"88A","article-title":"An evaluation of protein-energy supplementation in medically ill admissions to a geriatric unit","volume":"17","author":"Potter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.291.6497.705","article-title":"Nutritional support improves antibody response to influenza virus vaccine in the elderly","volume":"291","author":"Chandra","year":"1985","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406233302501","article-title":"Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people","volume":"330","author":"Fiatarone","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB92","first-page":"2965","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of nutritional supplementation shows little effect on functional status among free-living frail elderly","volume":"125","author":"Gray-Donald","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03339600","article-title":"Nutritional support and functional status in undernourished geriatric patients during hospitalization and 6-month follow-up","volume":"8","author":"Volkert","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/23.1.40","article-title":"Nutritional status of elderly patients during recovery from chest infection and the role of nutritional supplementation assessed by a prospective randomized single-blind trial","volume":"23","author":"Woo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourdel-Marchasson I, Barateau M, Rondeau V, Dequae-Merchadou L, Salles-Montaudon N, Emeriau J-P, Manciet G, Dartigues J-F, for the GAGE Group. A multi-center trial of the effects of oral nutritional supplementation in critically ill older inpatients. Nutrition 2000;16:1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(99)00227-0"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB96","first-page":"128","article-title":"Dietary supplementation and immuno-competence in housebound elderly subjects","volume":"51","author":"Bunker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5614(95)80027-1","article-title":"Reversibility of protein-energy malnutrition in a group of chronically-ill elderly outpatients","volume":"14","author":"Cederholm","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607185009003343","article-title":"Nutritional evaluation and supplementation of elderly subjects participating in a \u201cMeals on Wheels\u201d program","volume":"9","author":"Lipschitz","year":"1985","journal-title":"JPEN"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1300\/J052v10n03_04","article-title":"The effect of nutrient supplements on high risk long-term care residents receiving pureed diets","volume":"10","author":"Welch","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Elderly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-5614(90)90017-M","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation on nutritional status and clinical outcome in 501 geriatric patients\u2014a randomized study","volume":"9","author":"Larsson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5614(97)80014-3","article-title":"Correction of protein-energy malnutrition in older adults: effects of a short-term aerobic training program","volume":"16","author":"Bermon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB102","first-page":"108","article-title":"Exercise","volume":"13","author":"Evans","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diab. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB103","unstructured":"Report of Nutrition Screening, Part 1. In: Proceeding of the Conference of Toward a Common View on Nutrition Screening Initiative. Washington, DC: Green, Margolis, Mitchell, Burns and Associates; 1991."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB104","unstructured":"Khalil T, Poston GJ, Thompson JC. Effects of aging on gastrointestinal hormones. In: Prinsley DM, Sanstead HH, editors. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, Nutrition and Aging, vol. 326. New York: Alan R. Liss; 1990. p. 39\u201371."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB105","first-page":"293","article-title":"Surgery in the aged","volume":"24","author":"Koruda","year":"1991","journal-title":"Adv. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB106","unstructured":"Shamburek RD, Scott RB, Farrar JT. Gastrointestinal and liver changes in the elderly. In: Katlic MR, editor. Geriatric surgery. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 1990. p. 97\u2013113."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0690(18)30773-0","article-title":"Dietary guidance for the elderly","volume":"4","author":"Sutnick","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001_BIB108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1054\/clnu.2001.0400","article-title":"Surgery in the elderly: the role of nutritional support","volume":"20","author":"Bozzetti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1040842803002014?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1040842803002014?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T01:01:40Z","timestamp":1585184500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1040842803002014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1040842803002014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.08.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-8428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-8428","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]}}}