{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T17:21:34Z","timestamp":1793467294196,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T11:36:32Z","timestamp":1549020992000},"page":"85-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in patients with breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Maria Alice","family":"Franzoi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel N.","family":"Hortobagyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-014-3054-z","article-title":"Leptomeningeal disease and breast cancer: the importance of tumor subtype","volume":"146","author":"Abouharb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0010","first-page":"2016","article-title":"Complete response and long-term survival of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis from breast cancer with maintenance endocrine therapy","author":"Almajed","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23088","article-title":"Clinicopathologic characteristics and prognostic factors in 420 metastatic breast cancer patients with central nervous system metastasis","volume":"110","author":"Altundag","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)03350-X","article-title":"Functional characterisation of the active ascorbic acid transport into cerebrospinal fluid using primary cultured choroid plexus cells","volume":"988","author":"Angelow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-012-0024-z","article-title":"Optimal management of brain metastases from breast cancer. Issues and considerations","volume":"27","author":"Bartsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"1679","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0030","first-page":"1679","article-title":"Molecular basis of metastasis","volume":"360","author":"Batistatou","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.02.025","article-title":"Complement component 3 adapts the cerebrospinal fluid for leptomeningeal metastasis","volume":"168","author":"Boire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2018.02.032","article-title":"Phase I feasibility study for intrathecal administration of trastuzumab in patients with HER2 positive breast carcinomatous meningitis","volume":"95","author":"Bonneau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2004.08.012","article-title":"The relevance of intraventricular chemotherapy for leptomeningeal metastasis in breast cancer: a randomised study","volume":"40","author":"Boogerd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2017-0255","article-title":"Medical management of brain metastases and leptomeningeal disease in patients with breast carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Bowman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2259-1","article-title":"Intravenous thiotepa for treatment of breast cancer-related leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: case series","volume":"36","author":"Chahal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.3_Part_1.435","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastasis: a comparison of gadolinium-enhanced MR and contrast-enhanced CT of the brain","volume":"40","author":"Chamberlain","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.8-5-398","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of central nervous system metastases from breast cancer","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2015.03.005","article-title":"Bevacizumab might potentiate the chemotherapeutic effect in breast cancer patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis","volume":"115","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12576","article-title":"Skull bone metastasis with adjacent leptomeningeal involvement from pleomorphic lobular carcinoma of the breast","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-9940-2","article-title":"Clinical improvement and survival in breast cancer leptomeningeal metastasis correlate with the cytologic response to intrathecal chemotherapy","volume":"95","author":"Clatot","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(99)91181-9","article-title":"Imaging features of leptomeningeal metastases","volume":"54","author":"Collie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-013-1244-x","article-title":"Survival of breast cancer patients with meningeal carcinomatosis treated by intrathecal thiotepa","volume":"115","author":"Comte","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.3502","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastases","volume":"2","author":"Corbin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0100","article-title":"Clinical implication of E-cadherin deficiency in lobular breast cancer","author":"Corso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2012-0438","article-title":"Progress in the biological understanding and management of breast cancer-associated central nervous system metastases","volume":"18","author":"Dawood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0524-y","article-title":"Meningeal carcinomatosis in breast cancer: prognostic factors and outcome","volume":"104","author":"de Azevedo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-2854","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier and cancer: transporters, treatment, and trojan horses","volume":"13","author":"Deeken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2016.07.014","article-title":"Optimal management of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in breast cancer patients \u2013 a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Dudani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19960401)77:7<1315::AID-CNCR14>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Meningeal carcinomatosis in patients with breast carcinoma. Clinical features, prognostic factors, and results of a high-dose intrathecal methotrexate regimen","volume":"77","author":"Fizazi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-013-1241-0","article-title":"Neurological and cytological response as potential early predictors of time-to-progression and overall survival in patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis treated with intrathecal liposomal cytarabine: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"115","author":"Fusco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-011-0025-8","article-title":"Outcome after whole brain radiotherapy alone in intracranial leptomeningeal carcinomatosis from solid tumors","volume":"188","author":"Gani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Strahlenther. Onkol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdq232","article-title":"Survival of breast cancer patients with meningeal carcinomatosis","volume":"21","author":"Gauthier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19980215)82:4<733::AID-CNCR17>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid cytology in patients with cancer: minimizing false-negative results","volume":"82","author":"Glantz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0014-8","article-title":"Liposomal cytarabine given concomitantly with radiotherapy in a patient with leptomeningeal metastasis from breast cancer","volume":"255","author":"Glas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1993.11.3.561","article-title":"Randomized prospective comparison of intraventricular methotrexate and thiotepa in patients with previously untreated neoplastic meningitis. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group","volume":"11","author":"Grossman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1215\/15228517-2007-059","article-title":"A multicenter phase II trial of intrathecal topotecan in patients with meningeal malignancies","volume":"10","author":"Groves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuro-oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2016.303","article-title":"Effects of postoperative radiotherapy on leptomeningeal carcinomatosis or dural metastasis after resection of brain metastases in breast cancer patients","volume":"49","author":"Ha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2017.07.006","article-title":"Isolated pachymeningeal metastasis from breast cancer: clinical features and prognostic factors","volume":"35","author":"Heo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1987.5.10.1655","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial of single-agent versus combination chemotherapy in meningeal carcinomatosis","volume":"5","author":"Hitchins","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0180","first-page":"7090","article-title":"A nomogram for predicting survival in patients with breast cancer brain metastasis","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2015.12.021","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastasis: clinical experience of 519 cases","volume":"56","author":"Hyun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-013-2185-y","article-title":"Clinical features and outcome of leptomeningeal metastasis in patients with breast cancer: a single center experience","volume":"72","author":"Jo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-005-6039-0","article-title":"Enhanced prospects for drug delivery and brain targeting by the choroid plexus-CSF route","volume":"22","author":"Johanson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2015.11.022","article-title":"Surgical resection of brain metastases and the risk of leptomeningeal recurrence in patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"94","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyg118","article-title":"Comparison of intrathecal chemotherapy for leptomeningeal carcinomatosis of a solid tumor: methotrexate alone versus methotrexate in combination with cytosine arabinoside and hydrocortisone","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-011-0664-8","article-title":"Clinical outcome of central nervous system metastases from breast cancer: differences in survival depending on systemic treatment","volume":"106","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8389","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1433000100","article-title":"Human cerebrospinal fluid central memory CD4+ T cells: evidence for trafficking through choroid plexus and meninges via P-selectin","volume":"100","author":"Kivis\u00e4kk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19830101)51:1<154::AID-CNCR2820510130>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. How does cancer reach the pia-arachnoid?","volume":"51","author":"Kokkoris","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1159\/000464400","article-title":"Efficacy of liposomal cytarabine in the treatment of leptomeningeal metastasis of breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Laakmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breast Care (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0230","first-page":"507","article-title":"Association of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in carcinoma of the breast with infiltrating lobular carcinoma. An autopsy study","volume":"115","author":"Lamovec","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4741.2012.01228.x","article-title":"Clinical features and prognostic factors in patients with carcinomatous meningitis secondary to breast cancer","volume":"18","author":"Lara-Medina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Breast J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-016-3798-8","article-title":"Bi-weekly very-high-dose lapatinib: an easy-to-use active option in HER-2-positive breast cancer patients with meningeal carcinomatosis","volume":"1","author":"Lavaud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000393","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastases of solid cancer","volume":"29","author":"Le Rhun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2452-6","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment patterns for patients with leptomeningeal metastasis from solid tumors across Europe","volume":"133","author":"Le Rhun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-013-1092-8","article-title":"A retrospective case series of 103 consecutive patients with leptomeningeal metastasis and breast cancer","volume":"113","author":"Le Rhun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx221","article-title":"EANO-ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with leptomeningeal metastasis from solid tumours","volume":"28","author":"Le Rhun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-015-3610-1","article-title":"Detection of cerebrospinal fluid tumor cells and its clinical relevance in leptomeningeal metastasis of breast cancer","volume":"154","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-011-1682-0","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastases from breast cancer: intrinsic subtypes may affect unique clinical manifestations","volume":"129","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.currproblcancer.2017.07.001","article-title":"The necessity of intrathecal chemotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer patients with leptomeningeal metastasis: a systematic review and pooled analysis","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23597","article-title":"Clinical significance of detecting CSF-derived tumor cells in breast cancer patients with leptomeningeal metastasis","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.5.JNS101768","article-title":"Benefit of ventriculoperitoneal cerebrospinal fluid shunting and intrathecal chemotherapy in neoplastic meningitis: a retrospective, case-controlled study","volume":"115","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK_175338","article-title":"Breast cancer in the central nervous system: multidisciplinary considerations and management","volume":"37","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educ. Book"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-015-0084-y","article-title":"Intrathecal trastuzumab: immunotherapy improves the prognosis of leptomeningeal metastases in HER-2+ breast cancer patient","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2666-7","article-title":"Risk of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in patients with brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"136","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7134","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-2051","article-title":"Molecular profiling of tumor cells in cerebrospinal fluid and matched primary tumors from metastatic breast cancer patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis","volume":"73","author":"Magbanua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0310","first-page":"698","article-title":"Prolactin enhancement of its own uptake at the choroid plexus","volume":"131","author":"Mangurian","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.901812","article-title":"Metronomic capecitabine effectively blocks leptomeningeal carcinomatosis from breast cancer: a case report and literature review","volume":"18","author":"Maur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1179\/1973947812Y.0000000034","article-title":"Prognostic factors and clinical features in patients with leptominengeal metastases from breast cancer: a single center experience","volume":"24","author":"Meattini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chemother. (Florence, Italy)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2011.05.007","article-title":"Intrathecal administration of trastuzumab with cytarabine and methotrexate in breast cancer patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis","volume":"20","author":"Mego","year":"2011","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1159\/000449448","article-title":"Intrathecal methotrexate and craniospinal radiotherapy can be an effective treatment of carcinomatous meningitis in patients with breast cancer: case reports","volume":"9","author":"Meissner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2016.07.002","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of patients with breast cancer with leptomeningeal metastasis","volume":"17","author":"Morikawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02716553","article-title":"Durable clinical benefit with exemestane in leptomeningeal metastasis of breast cancer","volume":"7","author":"Navarro Mart\u00edn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73312","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20272","article-title":"Leptomeningeal disease: current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies","volume":"8","author":"Nayar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-018-2790-z","article-title":"Determinants of prolonged survival for breast cancer patient groups with leptomeningeal metastasis (LM)","volume":"138","author":"Niwi\u0144ska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2014.07.004","article-title":"Breast cancer leptomeningeal metastasis: the results of combined treatment and the comparison of methotrexate and liposomal cytarabine as intra-cerebrospinal fluid chemotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Niwi\u0144ska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-012-0408-4","article-title":"Breast cancer leptomeningeal metastasis: propensity of breast cancer subtypes for leptomeninges and the analysis of factors influencing survival","volume":"30","author":"Niwi\u0144ska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1159\/000486710","article-title":"Intracranial leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: a diagnostic study with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography\/computed tomography","volume":"10","author":"Nuvoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep. Neurol."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.6.GKS14708","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery to the resection bed for intracranial metastases and risk of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis","volume":"121","author":"Ojerholm","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.12.1565","article-title":"Intraventricular methotrexate therapy of leptomeningeal metastasis from breast carcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Ongerboer de Visser","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-011-0195-5","article-title":"Objective response with lapatinib in patients with meningitis carcinomatosa derived from HER2\/HER1-negative breast cancer","volume":"16","author":"Onishi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-3919.198454","article-title":"Intracranial leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in three cases from breast cancer demonstrated on F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography\/computerized tomography","volume":"32","author":"Ortapamuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyg046","article-title":"Durable remission of leptomeningeal metastasis of breast cancer with letrozole: a case report and implications of biomarkers on treatment selection","volume":"33","author":"Ozdogan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.03.048","article-title":"Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: prognostic value of clinical, cerebrospinal fluid, and neuroimaging features","volume":"115","author":"Palma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30214","article-title":"Concurrent radiotherapy and intrathecal methotrexate for treating leptomeningeal metastasis from solid tumors with adverse prognostic factors: a prospective and single-arm study","volume":"139","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-009-0627-3","article-title":"Concordant HER2 status between metastatic breast cancer cells in CSF and primary breast cancer tissue","volume":"123","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2014.234","article-title":"Intrathecal trastuzumab treatment in patients with breast cancer and leptomeningeal carcinomatosis","volume":"48","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Treat."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/753312748","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 compartmentalization in the central nervous system","volume":"10","author":"Petito","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E16-01-0058","article-title":"Roles for E-cadherin cell surface regulation in cancer","volume":"27","author":"Petrova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(06)70864-6","article-title":"Meningeal carcinomatosis from breast cancer treated with intrathecal trastuzumab","volume":"7","author":"Platini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-016-0429-6","article-title":"Long-term survivor with intrathecal and intravenous trastuzumab treatment in metastatic breast cancer","volume":"11","author":"Pluchart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Target Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0070-2153(05)71001-2","article-title":"The choroid plexus\u2013cerebrospinal fluid system: from development to aging","volume":"71","author":"Redzic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-3994-5","article-title":"Efficacy of T-DM1 for leptomeningeal and brain metastases in a HER2 positive metastatic breast cancer patient: new directions for systemic therapy \u2013 a case report and literature review","volume":"18","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-007-9340-4","article-title":"Breast cancer leptomeningeal metastasis \u2013 the role of multimodality treatment","volume":"84","author":"Rudnicka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.4745","article-title":"Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis as the primary presentation of relapse in breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Sacco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3740","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.5911","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastasis in breast cancer \u2013 a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.4997\/jrcpe.2017.409","article-title":"Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: easy to miss","volume":"47","author":"Sekhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. R. Coll. Phys. Edinburg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2009.05.006","article-title":"Treatment modalities for leptomeningeal metastases","volume":"36","author":"Shapiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Short, R.G., Bal, S., German, J.P., Poelstra, R.J., Kardan, A., n.d. Potential of F-18 PET\/CT in the detection of leptomeningeal metastasis. Neuroradiol. J. 27, 685\u2013689, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15274\/NRJ-2014-10098.","DOI":"10.15274\/NRJ-2014-10098"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.05.027","article-title":"Long-term survival in an untreated patient with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis from breast primary","volume":"115","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1159\/000322661","article-title":"Clinical recommendations of DEGRO and AGO on preferred standard palliative radiotherapy of bone and cerebral metastases, metastatic spinal cord compression, and leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in breast cancer","volume":"5","author":"Souchon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Breast Care (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000336247","article-title":"Reduction in circulating tumor cell count following therapy with nab-paclitaxel plus carboplatin in a patient with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis from breast cancer","volume":"5","author":"Stebel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000345097","article-title":"Response of meningeal carcinomatosis from breast cancer to capecitabine monotherapy: a case report","volume":"6","author":"Tanaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s002800000118","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of high-dose intravenous methotrexate in the treatment of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis","volume":"46","author":"Tetef","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2012.10.009","article-title":"Implication of breast cancer phenotype for patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis","volume":"22","author":"Torrej\u00f3n","year":"2013","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00588709","article-title":"Correlation of MRI and clinical features in meningeal carcinomatosis","volume":"35","author":"Watanabe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1290-1","article-title":"A pilot study of bevacizumab combined with etoposide and cisplatin in breast cancer patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02967482","article-title":"Meningeal carcinomatosis in patients with breast cancer: report of 8 patients","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-013-1175-6","article-title":"Breast cancer and leptomeningeal disease (LMD): hormone receptor status influences time to development of LMD and survival from LMD diagnosis","volume":"114","author":"Yust-Katz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-013-2525-y","article-title":"Intrathecal administration of trastuzumab for the treatment of meningeal carcinomatosis in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer: a systematic review and pooled analysis","volume":"139","author":"Zagouri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.2070","article-title":"Prospective follow-up of a cohort of 112 patients with leptomeningeal metastases of breast cancer recruited from 2007 to 2011: prognostic factors","volume":"30","author":"Zairi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-015-1842-x","article-title":"Complications related to the use of an intraventricular access device for the treatment of leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumor: a single centre experience in 112 patients","volume":"124","author":"Zairi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."}],"container-title":["Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1040842818303834?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1040842818303834?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T19:29:14Z","timestamp":1760902154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1040842818303834"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["S1040842818303834"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-8428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-8428","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in patients with breast cancer","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}