{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T07:09:37Z","timestamp":1793084977344,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009873","name":"Autonomous Region of Sardinia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009873","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T15:01:00Z","timestamp":1757084460000},"page":"104925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["KRAS mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: Translational aspects, current therapies and challenges for future research"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Colombino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grazia","family":"Palomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Casula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Pisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Tore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Putzu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Maria","family":"Fadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Battista","family":"Maestrale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Casula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Paliogiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Cossu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4350-2276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Palmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13112541","article-title":"KRAS-G12C mutations in NSCLC: from target to resistance","volume":"13","author":"Addeo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-13-0310","article-title":"Activation of the PD-1 pathway contributes to immune escape in EGFR-driven lung tumors","volume":"3","author":"Akbay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8722-6-88","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) inhibitors as cancer therapeutics","volume":"6","author":"Akinleye","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-23-0127","article-title":"Immune modulation of innate and adaptive responses restores immune surveillance and establishes anti-tumor immunological memory","volume":"12","author":"Alvero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-02990-y","article-title":"Recent advances in non-small cell lung cancer targeted therapy; an update review","volume":"23","author":"Araghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-1841","article-title":"Effects of co-occurring genomic alterations on outcomes in patients with KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"24","author":"Arbour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2018.1468955","article-title":"Immunological effects of BRAF+MEK inhibition","volume":"7","author":"Ascierto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol31040150","article-title":"KRAS: biology, inhibition, and mechanisms of inhibitor resistance","volume":"31","author":"Ash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.931774","article-title":"Onco-immunomodulatory properties of pharmacological interference with RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway hyperactivation","volume":"12","author":"Avery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105281","article-title":"Acquired resistance to KRASG12C inhibition in cancer","volume":"384","author":"Awad","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib11","article-title":"RAS mutation-specific signaling dynamics in response to paralog- and state- selective RAS inhibitors","author":"Baars","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv [Prepr. ]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02288-9","article-title":"ADT-1004: a first-in-class, oral pan-RAS inhibitor with robust antitumor activity in preclinical models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Bandi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.787585","article-title":"Resistance to KRAS G12C inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"Blaquier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib14","first-page":"31","article-title":"CodeBreaK 200: sotorasib (AMG510) has broken the kras g12c+ NSCLC enigma code","volume":"14","author":"Brazel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lung Cancer (Auckl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-024-01055-y","article-title":"Divarasib in the evolving landscape of KRAS-G12C inhibitors for NSCLC","volume":"19","author":"Brazel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Target Oncol."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15649","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5c00576","article-title":"Discovery of BI-2493, a pan-KRAS inhibitor showing in vivo efficacy","volume":"68","author":"Br\u00f6ker","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8510","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.8510","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of olomorasib (LY3537982), a second-generation kras-g12c inhibitor (G12Ci), in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with kras-g12c-mutant advanced NSCLC","volume":"42","author":"Burns","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib18","first-page":"3065","article-title":"Inhibition of mTORC1 leads to MAPK pathway activation through a PI3K-dependent feedback loop in human cancer","volume":"118","author":"Carracedo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-017-2005-z","article-title":"KRAS mutation-induced upregulation of PD-L1 mediates immune escape in human lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15143732","article-title":"Breaking the 'undruggable' barrier: Anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer patients with KRAS mutations - a comprehensive review and description of single site experience","volume":"15","author":"Chmielewska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0964-x","article-title":"EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, ALK, and cMET genetic alterations in 1440 sardinian patients with lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Colombino","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6064","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.4c02314","article-title":"Discovery of daraxonrasib (RMC-6236), a potent and orally bioavailable RAS(ON) multi-selective, noncovalent tri-complex inhibitor for the treatment of patients with multiple RAS-addicted cancers","volume":"68","author":"Cregg","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.03.042","article-title":"Alpelisib in combination with everolimus \u00b1 exemestane in solid tumours: phase ib randomised, open-label, multicentre study","volume":"151","author":"Curigliano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-11-0824-T","article-title":"Preclinical pharmacology of AZD5363, an inhibitor of AKT: pharmacodynamics, antitumor activity, and correlation of monotherapy activity with genetic background","volume":"11","author":"Davies","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02696-8","article-title":"Divarasib plus cetuximab in KRAS-G12C-positive colorectal cancer: a phase 1b trial","volume":"30","author":"Desai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib26","article-title":"Time from immune checkpoint inhibitor to sotorasib use correlates with risk of hepatotoxicity in non-small cell lung cancer: a brief report","volume":"36","author":"Desai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res Commun."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11122010","article-title":"Targeting the tumor microenvironment: an unexplored strategy for mutant KRAS tumors","volume":"11","author":"Dias Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-05098-8","article-title":"Targeting the NF-\u03baB pathway as a potential regulator of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"81","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyad197","article-title":"Outcomes of combination platinum-doublet chemotherapy and anti-PD(L)-1 blockade in KRASG12C-mutant non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"28","author":"Elkrief","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2018.05.009","article-title":"Effect of mutant variants of the KRAS gene on PD-L1 expression and on the immune microenvironment and association with clinical outcome in lung adenocarcinoma patients","volume":"121","author":"Falk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11142183","article-title":"Crucial role of oncogenic KRAS mutations in apoptosis and autophagy regulation: therapeutic implications","volume":"11","author":"Ferreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020612","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of the main druggable genetic alterations in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"22","author":"Fois","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-24-0323","article-title":"A pan-RAS inhibitor with a unique mechanism of action blocks tumor growth and induces antitumor immunity in gastrointestinal cancer","volume":"85","author":"Foote","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00566-0","article-title":"Oncogenic alterations in advanced NSCLC: a molecular super-highway","volume":"12","author":"Friedlaender","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2107207118","article-title":"Allosteric MEK inhibitors act on BRAF\/MEK complexes to block MEK activation","volume":"118","author":"Gonzalez-Del Pino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101174","article-title":"Targeting immune cells for cancer therapy","volume":"25","author":"Gun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02007-7","article-title":"Anti-tumor efficacy of a potent and selective non-covalent KRASG12D inhibitor","volume":"28","author":"Hallin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19288-6","article-title":"Immune modulatory effects of oncogenic KRAS in cancer","volume":"11","author":"Hamarsheh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16589","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.2c01422","article-title":"Discovery of GDC-0077 (inavolisib), a highly selective inhibitor and degrader of mutant PI3K\u03b1","volume":"65","author":"Hanan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00828-5","article-title":"Targeting PI3K\/Akt signal transduction for cancer therapy","volume":"6","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8084","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.21.8084-8092.2000","article-title":"Ral GTPases contribute to regulation of cyclin D1 through activation of NF-kappaB","volume":"20","author":"Henry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.3_suppl.94","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of LY3537982, a potent and highly selective KRAS-G12C inhibitor in KRAS-G12C-mutant GI cancers: results from a phase 1 study","volume":"42","author":"Hollebecque","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00780-4","article-title":"KRAS mutation: from undruggable to druggable in cancer","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02343-5","article-title":"Targeting the HER2-ELF3-KRAS axis: a novel therapeutic strategy for KRASG13D colorectal cancer","volume":"24","author":"Hwang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-025-03484-z","article-title":"Pan-RAS inhibitors and polo-like kinase 1: promising targets in colorectal cancer","author":"Jayachandran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncogene Jul. 4"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2501796","article-title":"Overall survival with inavolisib in pik3ca-Mutated advanced breast cancer","volume":"393","author":"Jhaveri","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0329946","article-title":"Daraxonrasib, a pan-RAS inhibitor, selectively inhibits osteosarcomas with activated KRAS by halting AKT signaling and matrix metalloprotease activity","volume":"20","author":"Jung","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00375-9","article-title":"Metabolic networks in mutant KRAS-driven tumours: tissue specificities and the microenvironment","volume":"21","author":"Kerk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2016.363","article-title":"MTORC1 and MTORC2 in cancer and the tumor microenvironment","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"7968","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06123-3","article-title":"Pan-KRAS inhibitor disables oncogenic signalling and tumour growth","volume":"619","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.3.893-901.2001","article-title":"Akt phosphorylates and negatively regulates apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17152453","article-title":"Treatment of KRAS-mutated pancreatic cancer: new hope for the patients?","volume":"17","author":"Krupa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2020.102137","article-title":"MEK inhibitor resistance mechanisms and recent developments in combination trials","volume":"92","author":"Kun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1063716","article-title":"Genetic differences between smokers and never-smokers with lung cancer","volume":"14","author":"Ku\u015bnierczyk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00110-3","article-title":"Garsorasib in patients with KRASG12C-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer in China: an open-label, multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib56","first-page":"129","article-title":"Resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2025.117718","article-title":"Targeting KRASG12C mutation: development of effective strategies to overcome drug resistance and limited efficacy","volume":"294","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-022-00110-2","article-title":"Targeting the PI3K\/AKT\/MTOR and RAF\/MEK\/ERK pathways for cancer therapy","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2023.107293","article-title":"KRAS-G12C in advanced NSCLC: prevalence, co-mutations, and testing","volume":"184","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2021.02.003","article-title":"KRAS mutation in pancreatic cancer","volume":"48","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib61","first-page":"161","article-title":"Adagrasib in KRYSTAL-12 has broken the krasG12C enigma code in Non-Small cell lung carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lung Cancer (Auckl)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001455","article-title":"Co-mutations in tumor immune microenvironment and immunotherapy","volume":"134","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Med J."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6489","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126489","article-title":"EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer and resistance to immunotherapy: role of the tumor microenvironment","volume":"23","author":"Madeddu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2016.132","article-title":"Immunomodulating property of MAPK inhibitors: from translational knowledge to clinical implementation","volume":"97","author":"Mandal\u00e0","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-3431","article-title":"Ipatasertib in patients with tumors with AKT mutations: results from the NCI-MATCH ECOG-ACRIN trial (EAY131) Sub-protocol Z1K","author":"McCourt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res Jun. 27"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2006.10.001","article-title":"Roles of the Raf\/MEK\/ERK pathway in cell growth, malignant transformation and drug resistance","volume":"1773","author":"McCubrey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.8.8.8147","article-title":"How ERK1\/2 activation controls cell proliferation and cell death: is subcellular localization the answer?","volume":"8","author":"Mebratu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17030353","article-title":"Emerging targeted therapies in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)","volume":"17","author":"Mina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.13751","article-title":"Targeting KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer through simultaneous inhibition of KRAS, MEK, and JAK2","volume":"19","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade3816","article-title":"Acquired resistance to KRAS-G12C small-molecule inhibitors via genetic\/nongenetic mechanisms in lung cancer","volume":"9","author":"Mohanty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"510","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw7999","article-title":"Development of combination therapies to maximize the impact of KRAS-G12C inhibitors in lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"Molina-Arcas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-22-1420","article-title":"Comutations and KRASG12C inhibitor efficacy in advanced NSCLC","volume":"13","author":"Negrao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00718-x","article-title":"At the crossroads of immunotherapy for oncogene-addicted subsets of NSCLC","volume":"20","author":"Otano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.120858","article-title":"Personalized therapy for lung cancer: striking a moving target","volume":"3","author":"Pakkala","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-6958-8-45","article-title":"Lung cancer epidemiology in north sardinia, Italy","volume":"8","author":"Paliogiannis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Multidiscip. Respir. Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01803-0","article-title":"Global prognostic impact of driver genetic alterations in patients with lung adenocarcinoma: a real-life study","volume":"22","author":"Paliogiannis","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-7-86","article-title":"Main roads to melanoma","volume":"7","author":"Palmieri","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2015.00183","article-title":"Multiple molecular pathways in melanomagenesis: characterization of therapeutic targets","volume":"5","author":"Palmieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.4798","article-title":"Prognostic role of KRAS mutations in sardinian patients with colorectal carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Palomba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-1053-z","article-title":"Prognostic impact of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations in primary colorectal carcinomas: a population-based study","volume":"14","author":"Palomba","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030398","article-title":"KRAS as a modulator of the inflammatory tumor microenvironment: therapeutic implications","volume":"11","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib82","article-title":"The prognostic impact of KRAS, TP53, STK11 and KEAP1 mutations and their influence on the NLR in NSCLC patients treated with immunotherapy","volume":"37","author":"Proulx-Rocray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030689","article-title":"Duration of immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer survivors: a lifelong commitment?","volume":"15","author":"Putzu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2023.103557","article-title":"Recent progress in targeting KRAS mutant cancers with covalent G12C-specific inhibitors","volume":"28","author":"Rathod","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3474","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133474","article-title":"Advances in genomic data and biomarkers: revolutionizing NSCLC diagnosis and treatment","volume":"15","author":"Restrepo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.2022-7-4","article-title":"How to manage KRAS-G12C-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"Ricciuti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs Context"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7649","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207649","article-title":"Horizontal combination of MEK and PI3K\/MTOR inhibition in BRAF mutant tumor cells with or without concomitant PI3K pathway mutations","volume":"21","author":"Rittler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-14-0330","article-title":"Suppression of feedback loops mediated by PI3K\/MTOR induces multiple over-activation of compensatory pathways: an unintended consequence leading to drug resistance","volume":"13","author":"Rozengurt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2303810","article-title":"Single-agent divarasib (GDC-6036) in solid tumors with a KRAS-G12C mutation","volume":"389","author":"Sacher","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-25-00040","article-title":"Single-agent divarasib in patients with kras g12c-positive non-small cell lung cancer: long-term follow-up of a phase I study","author":"Sacher","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol. JCO2500040"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr-22-639","article-title":"Targeted therapies for KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer: from preclinical studies to clinical development - a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Santarpia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Lung Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.02.004","article-title":"MTOR signaling in growth, metabolism, and disease","volume":"168","author":"Saxton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib93","article-title":"Advances in the treatment of KRASG12C mutant non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"131","author":"Shaverdashvili","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib94","article-title":"Characterization with KRAS mutant is a critical determinant in immunotherapy and other multiple therapies for non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15829","article-title":"D-1553: a novel KRASG12C inhibitor with potent and selective cellular and in vivo antitumor activity","volume":"114","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1494","article-title":"A structure is worth a thousand words: new insights for RAS and RAF regulation","volume":"12","author":"Simanshu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-04923-3","article-title":"Combination of mutations in genes controlling DNA repair and high mutational load plays a prognostic role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC): a retrospective real-life study in sardinian population","volume":"22","author":"Sini","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-14-1236","article-title":"Co-occurring genomic alterations define major subsets of KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma with distinct biology, immune profiles, and therapeutic vulnerabilities","volume":"5","author":"Skoulidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2022.05.006","article-title":"Targeting RAS\u2013RAF\u2013MEK\u2013ERK signaling pathway in human cancer: current status in clinical trials","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-0072","article-title":"RTK-dependent inducible degradation of mutant PI3K\u03b1 drives GDC-0077 (inavolisib) efficacy","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.05.016","article-title":"A first-in-class EGFR-directed KRAS G12V selective inhibitor","author":"Stanland","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell S15356108(25)002259"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100296","article-title":"Roles of the Raf\/MEK\/ERK and PI3K\/PTEN\/Akt\/mTOR pathways in controlling growth and sensitivity to therapy-implications for cancer and aging","volume":"3","author":"Steelman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051848","article-title":"The BRAF-MAPK signaling pathway is essential for cancer-immune evasion in human melanoma cells","volume":"203","author":"Sumimoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11144003","article-title":"Impact of KRAS mutation subtypes and co-occurring mutations on response and outcome in advanced NSCLC patients following first-line treatment","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-024-00778-4","article-title":"Targeting KRASG12D mutation in non-small cell lung cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"31","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib106","first-page":"45","article-title":"Epidemiology of lung cancer","volume":"25","author":"Thandra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Conte Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01282-8","article-title":"Immunosuppressive cells in cancer: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"15","author":"Tie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.21873\/cgp.20160","article-title":"The activity of immune checkpoint inhibition in KRAS mutated non-small cell lung cancer: a single centre experience","volume":"16","author":"Torralvo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Genom. Proteom."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2214131","article-title":"Capivasertib in hormone Receptor-Positive advanced breast cancer","volume":"388","author":"Turner","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-022-00934-6","article-title":"Impact of KRAS mutations on clinical outcomes of patients with advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer receiving anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 therapy","volume":"18","author":"Veccia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Target Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101324","article-title":"Natural innate and adaptive immunity to cancer","volume":"29","author":"Vesely","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-14033-y","article-title":"The complex journey of targeting RAS in oncology","volume":"25","author":"Wasiak","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(98)70183-6","article-title":"Ras-dependent activation of the small GTPase ral","volume":"8","author":"Wolthuis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2015.09.023","article-title":"MEK1\/2 inhibitors: molecular activity and resistance mechanisms","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1366260","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapy and immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: promising strategies to overcoming challenges","volume":"15","author":"Xiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-24-0049","article-title":"Discovery of RGT-018: a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable SOS1 inhibitor for KRAS-driven cancers","volume":"23","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.116058","article-title":"Unveiling the role of KRAS in tumor immune microenvironment","volume":"171","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-1321","article-title":"Targeting alterations in the RAF-MEK pathway","volume":"9","author":"Yaeger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114183","article-title":"Synergistic therapeutic potential of alpelisib in cancers (excluding breast cancer): preclinical and clinical evidence","volume":"159","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01868-3","article-title":"Targeting cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways for cancer therapy","volume":"9","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib121","first-page":"115","article-title":"Spotlight on sotorasib (AMG 510) for KRASG12C positive non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lung Cancer (Auckl)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.03.010","article-title":"Akt, FoxO and regulation of apoptosis","volume":"1813","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00444-8","article-title":"Global variations in lung cancer incidence by histological subtype in 2020: a population-based study","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5158","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095158","article-title":"Discovery of raf family is a milestone in deciphering the Ras-mediated intracellular signaling pathway","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00658-5","article-title":"Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01629-2","article-title":"Targeting KRAS mutant cancers: from druggable therapy to drug resistance","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"}],"container-title":["Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1040842825003130?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1040842825003130?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T03:47:29Z","timestamp":1792986449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1040842825003130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":126,"alternative-id":["S1040842825003130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-8428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-8428","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"KRAS mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: Translational aspects, current therapies and challenges for future research","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104925","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104925"}}