{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T09:04:05Z","timestamp":1794647045536,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005010","name":"Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["29854\\u20132023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["29854\\u20132023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005010","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T08:20:26Z","timestamp":1764750026000},"page":"105068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The role of therapeutic cancer vaccines in the modern immunotherapy era: State of the art with recent progress and future challenges"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"217","author":[{"given":"Michele","family":"Rota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Torresan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Palmerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Tasselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Zivi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Zacchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00902-1","article-title":"Cancer mRNA vaccines: clinical advances and future opportunities","volume":"21","author":"Sayour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1652047","article-title":"Reprogramming cancer immunity with next-generation combination therapies","volume":"13","author":"Kyriakidis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23003","article-title":"Personalized RNA mutanome vaccines mobilize poly-specific therapeutic immunity against cancer","volume":"547","author":"Sahin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.07.013","article-title":"Identifying and Targeting Human Tumor Antigens for T Cell-Based Immunotherapy of Solid Tumors","volume":"38","author":"Leko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01674-3","article-title":"Therapeutic cancer vaccines: advancements, challenges, and prospects","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-0245","article-title":"The changing landscape of therapeutic cancer vaccines-novel platforms and neoantigen identification","volume":"27","author":"Jou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2022.102429","article-title":"Therapeutic cancer vaccines: From biological mechanisms and engineering to ongoing clinical trials","volume":"109","author":"Sobhani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Treatment Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11121783","article-title":"Cancer Vaccines in the Immunotherapy Era: Promise and Potential","volume":"11","author":"Verma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00346-0","article-title":"Therapeutic cancer vaccines","volume":"21","author":"Saxena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2883","article-title":"PyClone: statistical inference of clonal population structure in cancer","volume":"11","author":"Roth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.07.017","article-title":"The Immunobiology of Cancer Immunosurveillance and Immunoediting","volume":"21","author":"Dunn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08507-5","article-title":"A neoantigen vaccine generates antitumour immunity in renal cell carcinoma","author":"Braun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib13","article-title":"Advances in Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Their Obstacles, and Prospects Toward Tumor Immunotherapy","author":"Eskandari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-023-02060-3","article-title":"The future of cancer immunotherapy: DNA vaccines leading the way","volume":"40","author":"Pandya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00902-1","article-title":"Cancer mRNA vaccines: clinical advances and future opportunities","volume":"21","author":"Sayour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094934","article-title":"Tumor-Derived Antigenic Peptides as Potential Cancer Vaccines","volume":"25","author":"Sotirov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/immadv\/ltad030","article-title":"Cancer vaccines: from an immunology perspective","volume":"4","author":"Makker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunotherapy Advances"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-00460-2","article-title":"Advances in the development of personalized neoantigen-based therapeutic cancer vaccines","volume":"18","author":"Blass","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13368-y","article-title":"Engineering dendritic cell vaccines to improve cancer immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Perez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib20","article-title":"Viral Vector-Based Gene Therapy","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03221-2","article-title":"Detection of immunogenic cell death and its relevance for cancer therapy","volume":"11","author":"Fucikova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12574","article-title":"Cell death and immunity in cancer: From danger signals to mimicry of pathogen defense responses","volume":"280","author":"Garg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18693.1","article-title":"Strategies for developing and optimizing cancer vaccines","volume":"8","author":"Maeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.06.035","article-title":"Cancer vaccines: Building a bridge over troubled waters","volume":"185","author":"Sellars","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0872-2_4","article-title":"CpG Oligonucleotides as Vaccine Adjuvants","volume":"2197","author":"Kayraklioglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2016-0141","article-title":"Recent progress in GM-CSF-based cancer immunotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Baden","year":"2021","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028436","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Older Adults","volume":"383","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00358-0","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery","volume":"6","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2016-0006","article-title":"mRNA vaccine delivery using lipid nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Reichmuth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther Deliv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0441-y","article-title":"PD-1 blockade in subprimed CD8 cells induces dysfunctional PD-1+CD38hi cells and anti-PD-1 resistance","volume":"20","author":"Verma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib33","first-page":"446","article-title":"An RNA vaccine drives expansion and efficacy of claudin-CAR-T cells against solid tumors","volume":"367","author":"Reinhard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib34","first-page":"162","article-title":"Enhanced CAR\u2013T cell activity against solid tumors by vaccine boosting through the chimeric receptor","volume":"365","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-08-802926","article-title":"Antitumor activity of CAR-T cells targeting the intracellular oncoprotein WT1 can be enhanced by vaccination","volume":"132","author":"Akahori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1969.101","article-title":"Active immunotherapy of L1210 leukaemia applied after the graft of tumour cells","volume":"23","author":"Math\u00e9","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)58737-6","article-title":"Intracavitary Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors","volume":"116","author":"Morales","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110393","article-title":"Mechanisms of BCG in the treatment of bladder cancer-current understanding and the prospect","volume":"129","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib39","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/patients\/guidelines\/content\/PDF\/bladder-patient.pdf\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0209-129","article-title":"The cancer vaccine roller coaster","volume":"27","author":"Goldman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001294","article-title":"Sipuleucel-T Immunotherapy for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer","volume":"363","author":"Kantoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib42","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/cellular-gene-therapy-products\/provenge-sipuleucel-t\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, P. et al. E16309 Publication Only Overall Survival (OS) and Pathologic Response Rate from a Phase II Clinical Trial of Neo-Adjuvant GVAX Pancreas Vaccine (with Cyclophosphamide) in Combination with Nivolumab and Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) Followed by Definitive Resection for Patients with Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (BR-PDAC). (2023).","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.e16309"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39196-9","article-title":"A platform trial of neoadjuvant and adjuvant antitumor vaccination alone or in combination with PD-1 antagonist and CD137 agonist antibodies in patients with resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Heumann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-14-0027","article-title":"Immunotherapy converts nonimmunogenic pancreatic tumors into immunogenic foci of immune regulation","volume":"2","author":"Lutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-2974","article-title":"Vaccine-induced intratumoral lymphoid aggregates correlate with survival following treatment with a neoadjuvant and adjuvant vaccine in patients with resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-0371","article-title":"Allogeneic granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting tumor immunotherapy alone or in sequence with cyclophosphamide for metastatic pancreatic cancer: A pilot study of safety, feasibility, and immune activation","volume":"14","author":"Laheru","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.5077","article-title":"Neoadjuvant randomized trial of degarelix (Deg) \u00b1 cyclophosphamide\/GVAX (Cy\/GVAX) in men with high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP)","volume":"35","author":"Antonarakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000655","article-title":"Neoadjuvant PROSTVAC prior to radical prostatectomy enhances T-cell infiltration into the tumor immune microenvironment in men with prostate cancer","volume":"8","author":"Abdul Sater","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib50","series-title":"in A673\u2013A673 (BMJ","article-title":"592 Updated recurrence free survival for neoadjuvant bintrafusp alfa (BA) for HPV unrelated HNSCC and results from BA plus a multitargeted recombinant adenovirus 5 vaccine for HPV unrelated HNSCC","author":"Redman","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.03.018","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the therapeutic cancer vaccine tecemotide (L-BLP25) in early breast cancer: Results from a prospective, randomised, neoadjuvant phase II study (ABCSG 34)","volume":"132","author":"Singer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4414","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.10.6823","article-title":"Measurement of Residual Breast Cancer Burden to Predict Survival After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Symmans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-024-01388-3","article-title":"Neoantigen DNA vaccines are safe, feasible, and induce neoantigen-specific immune responses in triple-negative breast cancer patients","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06063-y","article-title":"Personalized RNA neoantigen vaccines stimulate T cells in pancreatic cancer","volume":"618","author":"Rojas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2312695","article-title":"Overall Survival with Adjuvant Pembrolizumab in Renal-Cell Carcinoma","volume":"390","author":"Choueiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01658-0","article-title":"Adjuvant atezolizumab versus placebo for patients with renal cell carcinoma at increased risk of recurrence following resection (IMmotion010): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","volume":"400","author":"Pal","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-021-09709-1","article-title":"A Phase IIb Randomized Controlled Trial of the TLPLDC Vaccine as Adjuvant Therapy After Surgical Resection of Stage III\/IV Melanoma: A Primary Analysis","volume":"28","author":"Vreeland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02268-7","article-title":"Individualised neoantigen therapy mRNA-4157 (V940) plus pembrolizumab versus pembrolizumab monotherapy in resected melanoma (KEYNOTE-942): a randomised, phase 2b study","volume":"403","author":"Weber","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2019-000262","article-title":"MHC-restricted phosphopeptide antigens: Preclinical validation and first-in-humans clinical trial in participants with high-risk melanoma","volume":"8","author":"Engelhard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib60","series-title":"in Regular and Young Investigator Award Abstracts","first-page":"A714","article-title":"626\u2005Long-term outcomes of a randomized trial of two multipeptide melanoma vaccines (Mel39) suggests outcome differences based on participant sex","author":"Ninmer","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-2123","article-title":"Rapid Generation of Sustainable HER2-specific T-cell Immunity in Patients with HER2 Breast Cancer using a Degenerate HLA Class II Epitope Vaccine","volume":"26","author":"Knutson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.SABCS22-P2-02-02","article-title":"Abstract P2-02-02: Phase I trial of the safety and immunogenicity of a tri-antigen vaccine targeting HER2, IGFBP-2, and IGF-IR in patients with non-metastatic breast cancer","volume":"83","author":"Stanton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.34.15_suppl.4513","article-title":"Phase 2 trial results of DN24-02, a HER2-targeted autologous cellular immunotherapy in HER2+ urothelial cancer patients (pts)","volume":"34","author":"Bajorin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-020-05638-x","article-title":"Prospective, randomized, single-blinded, multi-center phase II trial of two HER2 peptide vaccines, GP2 and AE37, in breast cancer patients to prevent recurrence","volume":"181","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4248","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-2867","article-title":"Efficacy and safety analysis of nelipepimut-S vaccine to prevent breast cancer recurrence: A randomized, multicenter, phase III clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Mittendorf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.e14307","article-title":"A phase I study of the safety and immunogenicity of a multi-peptide personalized genomic vaccine in the adjuvant treatment of solid tumors and hematological malignancies","volume":"37","author":"Blazquez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10388-024-01072-w","article-title":"A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled study of S-588410, a five-peptide cancer vaccine as an adjuvant therapy after curative resection in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","author":"Makino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Esophagus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01544-x","article-title":"A phase 1\/2 trial of an immune-modulatory vaccine against IDO\/PD-L1 in combination with nivolumab in metastatic melanoma","volume":"27","author":"Kjeldsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.053","article-title":"A Phase Ib Trial of Personalized Neoantigen Therapy Plus Anti-PD-1 in Patients with Advanced Melanoma, Non-small Cell Lung Cancer, or Bladder Cancer","volume":"183","author":"Ott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.5370","article-title":"Association of Autologous Tumor Lysate-Loaded Dendritic Cell Vaccination With Extension of Survival Among Patients With Newly Diagnosed and Recurrent Glioblastoma: A Phase 3 Prospective Externally Controlled Cohort Trial","volume":"9","author":"Liau","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4044","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-0742","article-title":"Phase II Trial of HER-Vaxx, a B-cell Peptide-Based Vaccine, in HER2-Overexpressing Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients Under Platinum-Based Chemotherapy (HERIZON)","volume":"30","author":"Tobias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2023.07.006","article-title":"Randomized open-label controlled study of cancer vaccine OSE2101 versus chemotherapy in HLA-A2-positive patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with resistance to immunotherapy: ATALANTE-1","volume":"34","author":"Besse","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108516","article-title":"ARTEMIA phase 3 study: A randomized, open-label trial comparing the efficacy and safety of OSE2101 versus docetaxel in HLA-A2 positive patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer and secondary resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"203","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30408-9","article-title":"IMA901, a multipeptide cancer vaccine, plus sunitinib versus sunitinib alone, as first-line therapy for advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (IMPRINT): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"17","author":"Rini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5129","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-1025","article-title":"A Phase II Study of Allogeneic GM-CSF-Transfected Pancreatic Tumor Vaccine (GVAX) with Ipilimumab as Maintenance Treatment for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2019-000342","article-title":"Globo H-KLH vaccine adagloxad simolenin (OBI-822)\/OBI-821 in patients with metastatic breast cancer: phase II randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2020.06.493","article-title":"Phase II study of axalimogene filolisbac (ADXS-HPV) for platinum-refractory cervical carcinoma: An NRG oncology\/gynecologic oncology group study","volume":"158","author":"Huh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010827","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the therapeutic DNA-based vaccine VB10.16 in combination with atezolizumab in persistent, recurrent or metastatic HPV16-positive cervical cancer: a multicenter, single-arm phase 2a study","volume":"13","author":"Hillemanns","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01937-6","article-title":"Individualized, heterologous chimpanzee adenovirus and self-amplifying mRNA neoantigen vaccine for advanced metastatic solid tumors: phase 1 trial interim results","volume":"28","author":"Palmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02894-y","article-title":"Personalized neoantigen vaccine and pembrolizumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"30","author":"Yarchoan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0000000000000336","article-title":"A Phase I, Open-label, Dose-escalation, and Cohort Expansion Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immune Response to Autologous Dendritic Cells Transduced With AdGMCA9 (DC-AdGMCAIX) in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"43","author":"Faiena","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2021.1898105","article-title":"A phase 1 study of NY-ESO-1 vaccine + anti-CTLA4 antibody Ipilimumab (IPI) in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma","volume":"10","author":"Slingluff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-021-00813-6","article-title":"Multicenter, Open-Label, Phase I Study of DSP-7888 Dosing Emulsion in Patients with Advanced Malignancies","volume":"16","author":"Spira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Target Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003238","article-title":"Phase 1 open-label trial of intravenous administration of MVA-BN-brachyury-TRICOM vaccine in patients with advanced cancer","volume":"9","author":"DeMaria","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e450","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00372-2","article-title":"Clinical advances and ongoing trials of mRNA vaccines for cancer treatment","volume":"23","author":"Lorentzen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-12-84","article-title":"Phase I clinical study of multiple epitope peptide vaccine combined with chemoradiation therapy in esophageal cancer patients","volume":"12","author":"Iinuma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vi362","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw378.12","article-title":"MVX-ONCO-1 phase 1 final results of the first personalized cell-based immunotherapy using cell encapsulation technology","volume":"27","author":"Mach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib88","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/search?cond=solid%20tumors%20OR%20cancer&intr=vaccine%20OR%20autogene%20OR%20Neoantigen&aggFilters=phase:3%202,results:without,status:not%20rec%20act%20com%20ter,studyType:int&lastUpdPost=2020-09-29_2025-09-28\u3009, access 28Sep2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib89","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01436968\u3009, access 28Sep2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib90","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06295809\u3009, access 28Sep2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib91","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05933577\u3009, access 28Sep2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib92","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06623422\u3009, ACCESS 28Sep2025a."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib93","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03711032\u3009, access 28Sep2025b."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib94","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06472245\u3009, access 28Sep2025c."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib95","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05141721\u3009, access 28Sep2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib96","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06790966\u3009, access 28Sep2025d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib97","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05773859\u3009, access 28Sep2025e."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib98","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05455658\u3009, access 28Sep2025f."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib99","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06833073\u3009, access 28Sep2025g."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib100","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06534983\u3009, access 28Sep2025h."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib101","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05968326\u3009, access 28Sep2025i."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib102","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06307431\u3009, access 28Sep2025j."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib103","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04523688\u3009, access 28Sep2025k."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib104","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04166006?term=Nct04166006&rank=1\u3009, access 28Sep2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib105","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04397003\u3009, access 28Sep2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib106","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05950139\u3009, access 28Sep2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib107","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03606967\u3009, access 28Sep2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib108","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06522919?term=NCT06522919&rank=1\u3009, access 28Sep2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib109","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06882447?term=NCT06882447&rank=1\u3009, access 28Sep2025a."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib110","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06157151?term=AREA%5BBasicSearch%5D\u3009(precigen)&rank=4, access 28Sep2025b."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib111","unstructured":"\u3008https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06202066?term=AREA%5BConditionSearch%5D\u3009(%22Islet%20Cell%20Tumor%22)%20AND%20AREA%5BInterventionSearch%5D(%22vaccines%22)&rank=2, access 28Sep2025c."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03876-4","article-title":"Lymph node-targeted, mKRAS-specific amphiphile vaccine in pancreatic and colorectal cancer: phase 1 AMPLIFY-201 trial final results","author":"Wainberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasi, A. et al. TPS4205 Poster Session Targeting Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) in Resected RAS Mutated Pancreatic Cancer with Vaccine TG01\/QS-21 +\/-PD-1 Inhibitor, Balstilimab: A Randomized Phase II Study (TESLA). (2023).","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.TPS4205"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK_438592","article-title":"State-Of-The-Art Advancements on Cancer Vaccines and Biomarkers","volume":"44","author":"Strum","year":"2024","journal-title":"American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.4.5.6115","article-title":"Monitoring circulating tumor cells in cancer vaccine trials","volume":"4","author":"Gates","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.13.6523","article-title":"Monitoring the Response of Circulating Epithelial Tumor Cells to Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Allows Detection of Patients at Risk of Early Relapse","volume":"26","author":"Pachmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11070605","article-title":"Circulating Tumor Cell Persistence Associates with Long-Term Clinical Outcome to a Therapeutic Cancer Vaccine in Prostate Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Guldvik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17152582","article-title":"Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines in Colorectal Cancer: Platforms, Mechanisms, and Combinations","volume":"17","author":"Gallio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00247-z","article-title":"Low neoantigen expression and poor T-cell priming underlie early immune escape in colorectal cancer","volume":"2","author":"Westcott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0810-y","article-title":"Actively personalized vaccination trial for newly diagnosed glioblastoma","volume":"565","author":"Hilf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.08.209","article-title":"88MO T-cell responses induced by an individualized neoantigen specific immune therapy in post (neo)adjuvant patients with triple negative breast cancer","volume":"31","author":"Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals of Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3246","article-title":"The determinants of tumour immunogenicity","volume":"12","author":"Blankenstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22991","article-title":"An immunogenic personal neoantigen vaccine for patients with melanoma","volume":"547","author":"Ott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/10781552251375363","article-title":"A new frontier in oncology: Understanding the landscape of cancer vaccines","author":"Suvvari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01598-6","article-title":"Optimal combination treatment regimens of vaccine and radiotherapy augment tumor-bearing host immunity","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"}],"container-title":["Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1040842825004561?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1040842825004561?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T22:33:09Z","timestamp":1773873189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1040842825004561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":125,"alternative-id":["S1040842825004561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-8428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-8428","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The role of therapeutic cancer vaccines in the modern immunotherapy era: State of the art with recent progress and future challenges","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105068"}}