{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T06:29:04Z","timestamp":1793946544209,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82200177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82200177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T07:13:56Z","timestamp":1783494836000},"page":"105477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Advances in PD-1 monoclonal antibody therapy for hemophagocytic syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"226","author":[{"given":"Fangyuan","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhizhuo","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peifang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoyan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI160025","article-title":"mTOR regulates T cell exhaustion and PD-1-targeted immunotherapy response during chronic viral infection","volume":"133","author":"Ando","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"issue":"7077","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04444","article-title":"Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection","volume":"439","author":"Barber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-06-788349","article-title":"Confirmed efficacy of etoposide and dexamethasone in HLH treatment: long-term results of the cooperative HLH-2004 study","volume":"130","author":"Bergsten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-023-02861-9","article-title":"Sintilimab treatment for chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection and Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in children","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib5","article-title":"The role of PD-1 signaling in health and immune-related diseases","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-026-02136-0","article-title":"Exploratory study of PD-1 inhibitors with or without ruxolitinib for the treatment of adult EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a real-world data-based preliminary investigation","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019001336","article-title":"Checkpoint inhibition before haploidentical transplantation with posttransplant cyclophosphamide in Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"4","author":"De Philippis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.06.010","article-title":"PD-1 blockade with nivolumab-controlled Epstein-Barr virus infection and associated haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a case report","volume":"25","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol Infect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2023.2212532","article-title":"T-cell dysfunction in natural killer\/T-cell lymphoma","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.31340","article-title":"Treatment of pediatric refractory or relapsed Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome with PD-1 inhibitors","volume":"71","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pedia Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18071164","article-title":"Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Pharmacovigilance Analysis of Spontaneous Reports","volume":"18","author":"Guzel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-01-761346","article-title":"PD-1 blockade for relapsed lymphoma post-allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant: high response rate but frequent GVHD","volume":"130","author":"Haverkos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2021.1907059","article-title":"VISTA and PD-L1 synergistically predict poor prognosis in patients with extranodal natural killer\/T-cell lymphoma","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-022-04147-2","article-title":"The emerging role of anti-PD-1 antibody-based regimens in the treatment of extranodal NK\/T-cell lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"149","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-022-04147-2","article-title":"The emerging role of anti-PD-1 antibody-based regimens in the treatment of extranodal NK\/T-cell lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"149","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2025.189421","article-title":"From infection to immune exhaustion: The Epstein-Barr virus and its contribution to Immunosenescence","volume":"1880","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-0759","article-title":"Venetoclax Increases Intratumoral Effector T Cells and Antitumor Efficacy in Combination with Immune Checkpoint Blockade","volume":"11","author":"Kohlhapp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib18","article-title":"The Efficacy And Safety Of Pd-1 Monoclonal Antibody In The Treatment Of Hemophagocytic Syndrome\uff1aSystematic Review","volume":"B430","author":"Lai","year":"2026","journal-title":"EBMT"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib19","first-page":"127","article-title":"PD-1 monoclonal antibody combined with ruxolitinib in the treatment of relapsed\/refractory adult EB virus-related hemophagocytic syndrome: a case report","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transfus. Lab. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019003886","article-title":"Nivolumab treatment of relapsed\/refractory Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults","volume":"135","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019003886","article-title":"Nivolumab treatment of relapsed\/refractory Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults","volume":"135","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib22","unstructured":"Lymphoma Committee, C.A.C.A., Hematology Oncology Committee, C., Lymphohistiocytosis, A.C.A.C.E.A.f.H., 2025. Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of lymphoma\u2011associated hemophagocytic. lymphohistiocytosis (2025 edition). National Medical Journal of China 105(37), 3284-3294."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib23","unstructured":"Network, N.C.C., 2025. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology-Management of Immunotherapy Related Toxicities (2025 Version 1). https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/guidelines\/guidelines-detail?category=3&id=1486."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3751","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S372998","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Relapsed Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis After Allo-HSCT with PD-1 Blockade: A Case Report","volume":"15","author":"Pi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02298","article-title":"The Diverse Function of PD-1\/PD-L Pathway Beyond Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1678233","article-title":"Flow cytometric analysis of the immune cell subsets in adult hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"16","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02569","article-title":"T-Cell Exhaustion in Chronic Infections: Reversing the State of Exhaustion and Reinvigorating Optimal Protective Immune Responses","volume":"9","author":"Saeidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib28","first-page":"689","article-title":"Sintilimab combined with thalidomide for treatment of elderly relapsed\/refractory EB virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome: report of 1 case and review of literature","volume":"33","author":"Siyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Leuk. & Lymphoma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2424611","article-title":"PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors related adverse events: A bibliometric analysis from 2014 to 2024","volume":"21","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-024-01670-4","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Refractory EBV-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis with Combined Emapalumab and PD-1 Blockade","volume":"44","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.19900","article-title":"Successful combined venetoclax to PD-1 blockade and ruxolitinib for refractory Epstein-Barr virus-associated haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"206","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4577","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-06-356261","article-title":"Chemoimmunotherapy for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: long-term results of the HLH-94 treatment protocol","volume":"118","author":"Trottestam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4456","article-title":"Recurrent ECSIT mutation encoding V140A triggers hyperinflammation and promotes hemophagocytic syndrome in extranodal NK\/T cell lymphoma","volume":"24","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-025-01918-7","article-title":"Pilot Study of Anti-PD-1 Antibody Combined with L-DEP Regimens in the Treatment of Relapsed\/Refractory EBV-HLH in Children","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-025-01918-7","article-title":"Pilot Study of Anti-PD-1 Antibody Combined with L-DEP Regimens in the Treatment of Relapsed\/Refractory EBV-HLH in Children","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-023-05476-z","article-title":"An analysis of sintilimab combined with ruxolitinib as compassionate therapy for 12 adults with EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"102","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/16078454.2024.2340144","article-title":"Clinical characterization of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors: a review of published cases","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-025-09068-9","article-title":"Promising Targeted Therapies for Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: A Translational Perspective Based on Immunopathology","volume":"68","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib39","article-title":"Programmed death 1 monoclonal antibody helped to treat mixed chimeric and reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus in a patient with adult-onset chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A case report","volume":"101","author":"You","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. (Baltim. )"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e769","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000001187","article-title":"Successful treatment of refractory retroperitoneal Epstein-Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with secondary hemophagocytic syndrome by sequential combination regimen of PD-1 blockade and chimeric antigen receptor T cells: a case report","volume":"33","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477_bib41","first-page":"466","article-title":"Rescue of HLH with T and B Lymphocyte Involvement Due to Epstein-Barr Virus by PD-1 Inhibitor\/Ruxolitinib and Rituximab Combination Regimens: A Case Report","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran. J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1040842826003641?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1040842826003641?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T05:46:08Z","timestamp":1793943968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1040842826003641"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S1040842826003641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-8428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-8428","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Advances in PD-1 monoclonal antibody therapy for hemophagocytic syndrome","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Critical Reviews in Oncology\/Hematology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105477","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105477"}}